Secured vehicle for user use only

ABSTRACT

Systems of an electrical vehicle and the operations thereof are provided. Within an autonomous vehicle fleet that can be optionally primarily used for ridesharing, how does an owner or first user of one of the vehicles prevent another customer or second user from approaching a vehicle and using it for their own purposes/trips? How does the first customer lock down the vehicle for their use exclusively? How does a user secure any personal data that they may have stored in the vehicle? As one example, software locking, portable device authentication, human identification, biometric, rolling code and/or a physical identification card can be utilized to secure and/or reserve the vehicle for the first user.

FIELD

The present disclosure is generally directed to vehicle systems, inparticular, toward vehicle usage and authentication.

BACKGROUND

In recent years, transportation methods have changed substantially.Within an autonomous vehicle fleet that is primarily used forridesharing, how does an owner or first user of one of the vehiclesprevent another customer or second user from approaching a vehicle andusing it for their own purposes? How does the customer lock down thevehicle to them specifically? Within software a locking command can beused, portable device authentication, human identification, and/or aphysical identification card can be removed rendering the car useless,acting as a biometric identity for the vehicle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a vehicle in accordance with embodiments of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 2 shows a plan view of the vehicle in accordance with at least someembodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an embodiment of a communicationenvironment of the vehicle in accordance with embodiments of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 3B is a block diagram of an embodiment of interior sensors withinthe vehicle in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3C is a block diagram of an embodiment of a navigation system ofthe vehicle in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the instrument panel of the vehicleaccording to one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a communications subsystemof the vehicle;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a computing environment associated with theembodiments presented herein;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a computing device associated with one ormore components described herein;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary vehicle securitysystem;

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for vehicleauthentication;

FIG. 10 is another flowchart illustrating another exemplary method forvehicle security; and

FIG. 11 is another flowchart illustrating another exemplary method forvehicle security.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As discussed above, one of the challenges users could be presented withwhen a vehicle is shared between a plurality of users and how thatvehicle is reserved or otherwise held for a first user when a seconduser approaches and tries to use the vehicle. A need exists for amethodology and technology to allow the first user of the vehicle tosecure that vehicle such that the vehicle is not available to otherusers either for a predetermined amount of time or in general for anyduration of time. In accordance of one exemplary aspect, a user canutilize multi-factor authentication to one or more of secure or “unlock”the vehicle. This can be optionally coupled with a low-level lockdown ofthe vehicle, such as at a BIOS (Basic Input-Output System) level or someother low level that has increased robustness against hacking,compromising, and other vulnerabilities. This can further optionally becoupled with technologies such as a rolling RSA security license,biometric information, public key/private key encryption techniques,encryption techniques in general, and the like.

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, upon a vehicle being“locked” or reserved for the first user, one or more of the vehicle'snavigation, communication, control, sensor, and/or other systems orsubsystems can be encrypted thereby preventing their use until anappropriate decryption key is provided. In this manner, it would beextremely difficult for the vehicle to be compromised without anotheruser presenting a decryption key to “unlock” the system. The use ofencryption can be taken a step further to also help secure any personalinformation that may be stored in the vehicle. For example, one or moreuser preferences, personal information, credit card information,biometric information, and in general any information relating to auser, could be stored one or more of locally in the vehicle and/or inthe cloud or a distributed network as discussed. Security of thisinformation can be a vital aspect of users becoming comfortable withutilizing multiple different vehicles in a shared vehicle type ofenvironment, knowing that their personal information cannot, or that itwould be extremely difficult, to compromise. As with the othertechniques discussed herein, this personal information can belocked-down at a low level, using encryption, or otherwise secured inaccordance with one or more of the techniques discussed herein.

Another exemplary aspect is directed toward management of keys betweenthe vehicle and a user. Traditionally, the user has been provided with aphysical or hybrid physical electronic key that includes, for example, acircuit. When this key is presented to the vehicle, the vehicle unlocksand runs as is well known. In accordance with one exemplary embodiment,this basic technology is extended to take advantage of many electronicdevices that are commonplace today, such as the smartphone and/or creditcards with smart chips. In accordance with one exemplary aspect, thedecryption key can be communicated in a secure manner to a user'ssmartphone, such that when the user decides to leave the vehicle, thatencryption key is communicated and stored on their smartphone. Only withthis key, can a user unlock the vehicle and utilize and/or have accessto the various systems and information stored therein. As anotherexample, this encryption information could be stored on a chip such ason a chip of a “credit card” that is used to communicate with thevehicle's security system and provide locking and unlocking technologyfor the vehicle. As will be appreciated and discussed hereinafter, thecommunication of the various keys, information, and the like between thevehicle and, for example, a smartphone or “credit card” type of device,can be one or more of wirelessly, mechanically through an electricalconnection, and/or some combination thereof. With a contact-based systemfor communicating this type of data, security can be enhanced, to thedetriment of convenience. However, with wireless communications becomingsecurer every day, after device authentication, critical information,such as an encryption or decryption keys could similarly be communicatedwirelessly from the vehicle to, for example, a smartphone via a wirelesscommunications link with the integrity of that information beingprotectable.

Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in connectionwith a vehicle, and in some embodiments, an electric vehicle,rechargeable electric vehicle, and/or hybrid-electric vehicle andassociated systems.

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a vehicle 100 in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure. The electric vehicle 100comprises a vehicle front 110, vehicle aft or rear 120, vehicle roof130, at least one vehicle side 160, a vehicle undercarriage 140, and avehicle interior 150. In any event, the vehicle 100 may include a frame104 and one or more body panels 108 mounted or affixed thereto. Thevehicle 100 may include one or more interior components (e.g.,components inside an interior space 150, or user space, of a vehicle100, etc.), exterior components (e.g., components outside of theinterior space 150, or user space, of a vehicle 100, etc.), drivesystems, controls systems, structural components, etc.

Although shown in the form of a car, it should be appreciated that thevehicle 100 described herein may include any conveyance or model of aconveyance, where the conveyance was designed for the purpose of movingone or more tangible objects, such as people, animals, cargo, and thelike. The term “vehicle” does not require that a conveyance moves or iscapable of movement. Typical vehicles may include but are in no waylimited to cars, trucks, motorcycles, busses, automobiles, trains,railed conveyances, boats, ships, marine conveyances, submarineconveyances, airplanes, space craft, flying machines, human-poweredconveyances, and the like.

In some embodiments, the vehicle 100 may include a number of sensors,devices, and/or systems that are capable of assisting in drivingoperations, e.g., autonomous or semi-autonomous control. Examples of thevarious sensors and systems may include, but are in no way limited to,one or more of cameras (e.g., independent, stereo, combined image,etc.), infrared (IR) sensors, radio frequency (RF) sensors, ultrasonicsensors (e.g., transducers, transceivers, etc.), RADAR sensors (e.g.,object-detection sensors and/or systems), LIDAR (Light Imaging,Detection, And Ranging) systems, odometry sensors and/or devices (e.g.,encoders, etc.), orientation sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes,magnetometer, etc.), navigation sensors and systems (e.g., GPS, etc.),and other ranging, imaging, and/or object-detecting sensors. The sensorsmay be disposed in an interior space 150 of the vehicle 100 and/or on anoutside of the vehicle 100. In some embodiments, the sensors and systemsmay be disposed in one or more portions of a vehicle 100 (e.g., theframe 104, a body panel, a compartment, etc.).

The vehicle sensors and systems may be selected and/or configured tosuit a level of operation associated with the vehicle 100. Among otherthings, the number of sensors used in a system may be altered toincrease or decrease information available to a vehicle control system(e.g., affecting control capabilities of the vehicle 100). Additionallyor alternatively, the sensors and systems may be part of one or moreadvanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) associated with a vehicle 100.In any event, the sensors and systems may be used to provide drivingassistance at any level of operation (e.g., from fully-manual tofully-autonomous operations, etc.) as described herein.

The various levels of vehicle control and/or operation can be describedas corresponding to a level of autonomy associated with a vehicle 100for vehicle driving operations. For instance, at Level 0, orfully-manual driving operations, a driver (e.g., a human driver) may beresponsible for all the driving control operations (e.g., steering,accelerating, braking, etc.) associated with the vehicle. Level 0 may bereferred to as a “No Automation” level. At Level 1, the vehicle may beresponsible for a limited number of the driving operations associatedwith the vehicle, while the driver is still responsible for most drivingcontrol operations. An example of a Level 1 vehicle may include avehicle in which the throttle control and/or braking operations may becontrolled by the vehicle (e.g., cruise control operations, etc.). Level1 may be referred to as a “Driver Assistance” level. At Level 2, thevehicle may collect information (e.g., via one or more drivingassistance systems, sensors, etc.) about an environment of the vehicle(e.g., surrounding area, roadway, traffic, ambient conditions, etc.) anduse the collected information to control driving operations (e.g.,steering, accelerating, braking, etc.) associated with the vehicle. In aLevel 2 autonomous vehicle, the driver may be required to perform otheraspects of driving operations not controlled by the vehicle. Level 2 maybe referred to as a “Partial Automation” level. It should be appreciatedthat Levels 0-2 all involve the driver monitoring the driving operationsof the vehicle.

At Level 3, the driver may be separated from controlling all the drivingoperations of the vehicle except when the vehicle makes a request forthe operator to act or intervene in controlling one or more drivingoperations. In other words, the driver may be separated from controllingthe vehicle unless the driver is required to take over for the vehicle.Level 3 may be referred to as a “Conditional Automation” level. At Level4, the driver may be separated from controlling all the drivingoperations of the vehicle and the vehicle may control driving operationseven when a user fails to respond to a request to intervene. Level 4 maybe referred to as a “High Automation” level. At Level 5, the vehicle cancontrol all the driving operations associated with the vehicle in alldriving modes. The vehicle in Level 5 may continually monitor traffic,vehicular, roadway, and/or environmental conditions while driving thevehicle. In Level 5, there is no human driver interaction required inany driving mode. Accordingly, Level 5 may be referred to as a “FullAutomation” level. It should be appreciated that in Levels 3-5 thevehicle, and/or one or more automated driving systems associated withthe vehicle, monitors the driving operations of the vehicle and thedriving environment.

As shown in FIG. 1, the vehicle 100 may, for example, include at leastone of a ranging and imaging system 112 (e.g., LIDAR, etc.), an imagingsensor 116A, 116F (e.g., camera, IR, etc.), a radio object-detection andranging system sensors 116B (e.g., RADAR, RF, etc.), ultrasonic sensors116C, and/or other object-detection sensors 116D, 116E. In someembodiments, the LIDAR system 112 and/or sensors may be mounted on aroof 130 of the vehicle 100. In one embodiment, the RADAR sensors 116Bmay be disposed at least at a front 110, aft 120, or side 160 of thevehicle 100. Among other things, the RADAR sensors may be used tomonitor and/or detect a position of other vehicles, pedestrians, and/orother objects near, or proximal to, the vehicle 100. While shownassociated with one or more areas of a vehicle 100, it should beappreciated that any of the sensors and systems 116A-K, 112 illustratedin FIGS. 1 and 2 may be disposed in, on, and/or about the vehicle 100 inany position, area, and/or zone of the vehicle 100.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a plan view of a vehicle 100 will be describedin accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In particular,FIG. 2 shows a vehicle sensing environment 200 at least partiallydefined by the sensors and systems 116A-K, 112 disposed in, on, and/orabout the vehicle 100. Each sensor 116A-K may include an operationaldetection range R and operational detection angle. The operationaldetection range R may define the effective detection limit, or distance,of the sensor 116A-K. In some cases, this effective detection limit maybe defined as a distance from a portion of the sensor 116A-K (e.g., alens, sensing surface, etc.) to a point in space offset from the sensor116A-K. The effective detection limit may define a distance, beyondwhich, the sensing capabilities of the sensor 116A-K deteriorate, failto work, or are unreliable. In some embodiments, the effective detectionlimit may define a distance, within which, the sensing capabilities ofthe sensor 116A-K are able to provide accurate and/or reliable detectioninformation. The operational detection angle may define at least oneangle of a span, or between horizontal and/or vertical limits, of asensor 116A-K. As can be appreciated, the operational detection limitand the operational detection angle of a sensor 116A-K together maydefine the effective detection zone 216A-D (e.g., the effectivedetection area, and/or volume, etc.) of a sensor 116A-K.

In some embodiments, the vehicle 100 may include a ranging and imagingsystem 112 such as LIDAR, or the like. The ranging and imaging system112 may be configured to detect visual information in an environmentsurrounding the vehicle 100. The visual information detected in theenvironment surrounding the ranging and imaging system 112 may beprocessed (e.g., via one or more sensor and/or system processors, etc.)to generate a complete 360-degree view of an environment 200 around thevehicle. The ranging and imaging system 112 may be configured togenerate changing 360-degree views of the environment 200 in real-time,for instance, as the vehicle 100 drives. In some cases, the ranging andimaging system 112 may have an effective detection limit 204 that issome distance from the center of the vehicle 100 outward over 360degrees. The effective detection limit 204 of the ranging and imagingsystem 112 defines a view zone 208 (e.g., an area and/or volume, etc.)surrounding the vehicle 100. Any object falling outside of the view zone208 is in the undetected zone 212 and would not be detected by theranging and imaging system 112 of the vehicle 100.

Sensor data and information may be collected by one or more sensors orsystems 116A-K, 112 of the vehicle 100 monitoring the vehicle sensingenvironment 200. This information may be processed (e.g., via aprocessor, computer-vision system, etc.) to determine targets (e.g.,objects, signs, people, markings, roadways, conditions, etc.) inside oneor more detection zones 208, 216A-D associated with the vehicle sensingenvironment 200. In some cases, information from multiple sensors 116A-Kmay be processed to form composite sensor detection information. Forexample, a first sensor 116A and a second sensor 116F may correspond toa first camera 116A and a second camera 116F aimed in a forwardtraveling direction of the vehicle 100. In this example, imagescollected by the cameras 116A, 116F may be combined to form stereo imageinformation. This composite information may increase the capabilities ofa single sensor in the one or more sensors 116A-K by, for example,adding the ability to determine depth associated with targets in the oneor more detection zones 208, 216A-D. Similar image data may be collectedby rear view cameras (e.g., sensors 116G, 116H) aimed in a rearwardtraveling direction vehicle 100.

In some embodiments, multiple sensors 116A-K may be effectively joinedto increase a sensing zone and provide increased sensing coverage. Forinstance, multiple RADAR sensors 116B disposed on the front 110 of thevehicle may be joined to provide a zone 216B of coverage that spansacross an entirety of the front 110 of the vehicle. In some cases, themultiple RADAR sensors 116B may cover a detection zone 216B thatincludes one or more other sensor detection zones 216A. Theseoverlapping detection zones may provide redundant sensing, enhancedsensing, and/or provide greater detail in sensing within a particularportion (e.g., zone 216A) of a larger zone (e.g., zone 216B).Additionally or alternatively, the sensors 116A-K of the vehicle 100 maybe arranged to create a complete coverage, via one or more sensing zones208, 216A-D around the vehicle 100. In some areas, the sensing zones216C of two or more sensors 116D, 116E may intersect at an overlap zone220. In some areas, the angle and/or detection limit of two or moresensing zones 216C, 216D (e.g., of two or more sensors 116E, 116J, 116K)may meet at a virtual intersection point 224.

The vehicle 100 may include a number of sensors 116E, 116G, 116H, 116J,116K disposed proximal to the rear 120 of the vehicle 100. These sensorscan include, but are in no way limited to, an imaging sensor, camera,IR, a radio object-detection and ranging sensors, RADAR, RF, ultrasonicsensors, and/or other object-detection sensors. Among other things,these sensors 116E, 116G, 116H, 116J, 116K may detect targets near orapproaching the rear of the vehicle 100. For example, another vehicleapproaching the rear 120 of the vehicle 100 may be detected by one ormore of the ranging and imaging system (e.g., LIDAR) 112, rear-viewcameras 116G, 116H, and/or rear facing RADAR sensors 116J, 116K. Asdescribed above, the images from the rear-view cameras 116G, 116H may beprocessed to generate a stereo view (e.g., providing depth associatedwith an object or environment, etc.) for targets visible to both cameras116G, 116H. As another example, the vehicle 100 may be driving and oneor more of the ranging and imaging system 112, front-facing cameras116A, 116F, front-facing RADAR sensors 116B, and/or ultrasonic sensors116C may detect targets in front of the vehicle 100. This approach mayprovide critical sensor information to a vehicle control system in atleast one of the autonomous driving levels described above. Forinstance, when the vehicle 100 is driving autonomously (e.g., Level 3,Level 4, or Level 5) and detects other vehicles stopped in a travelpath, the sensor detection information may be sent to the vehiclecontrol system of the vehicle 100 to control a driving operation (e.g.,braking, decelerating, etc.) associated with the vehicle 100 (in thisexample, slowing the vehicle 100 as to avoid colliding with the stoppedother vehicles). As yet another example, the vehicle 100 may beoperating and one or more of the ranging and imaging system 112, and/orthe side-facing sensors 116D, 116E (e.g., RADAR, ultrasonic, camera,combinations thereof, and/or other type of sensor), may detect targetsat a side of the vehicle 100. It should be appreciated that the sensors116A-K may detect a target that is both at a side 160 and a front 110 ofthe vehicle 100 (e.g., disposed at a diagonal angle to a centerline ofthe vehicle 100 running from the front 110 of the vehicle 100 to therear 120 of the vehicle). Additionally or alternatively, the sensors116A-K may detect a target that is both, or simultaneously, at a side160 and a rear 120 of the vehicle 100 (e.g., disposed at a diagonalangle to the centerline of the vehicle 100).

FIGS. 3A-3C are block diagrams of an embodiment of a communicationenvironment 300 of the vehicle 100 in accordance with embodiments of thepresent disclosure. The communication system 300 may include one or morevehicle driving vehicle sensors and systems 304, sensor processors 340,sensor data memory 344, vehicle control system 348, communicationssubsystem 350, control data 364, computing devices 368, display devices372, and other components 374 that may be associated with a vehicle 100.These associated components may be electrically and/or communicativelycoupled to one another via at least one bus 360. In some embodiments,the one or more associated components may send and/or receive signalsacross a communication network 352 to at least one of a navigationsource 356A, a control source 356B, or some other entity 356N.

In accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure,the communication network 352 may comprise any type of knowncommunication medium or collection of communication media and may useany type of protocols, such as SIP, TCP/IP, SNA, IPX, AppleTalk, and thelike, to transport messages between endpoints. The communication network352 may include wired and/or wireless communication technologies. TheInternet is an example of the communication network 352 that constitutesan Internet Protocol (IP) network consisting of many computers,computing networks, and other communication devices located all over theworld, which are connected through many telephone systems and othermeans. Other examples of the communication network 104 include, withoutlimitation, a standard Plain Old Telephone System (POTS), an IntegratedServices Digital Network (ISDN), the Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN), a Local Area Network (LAN), such as an Ethernet network, aToken-Ring network and/or the like, a Wide Area Network (WAN), a virtualnetwork, including without limitation a virtual private network (“VPN”);the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a cellular network, an infra-rednetwork; a wireless network (e.g., a network operating under any of theIEEE 802.9 suite of protocols, the Bluetooth® protocol known in the art,and/or any other wireless protocol), and any other type ofpacket-switched or circuit-switched network known in the art and/or anycombination of these and/or other networks. In addition, it can beappreciated that the communication network 352 need not be limited toany one network type, and instead may be comprised of a number ofdifferent networks and/or network types. The communication network 352may comprise a number of different communication media such as coaxialcable, copper cable/wire, fiber-optic cable, antennas fortransmitting/receiving wireless messages, and combinations thereof.

The driving vehicle sensors and systems 304 may include at least onenavigation 308 (e.g., global positioning system (GPS), etc.),orientation 312, odometry 316, LIDAR 320, RADAR 324, ultrasonic 328,camera 332, infrared (IR) 336, and/or other sensor or system 338. Thesedriving vehicle sensors and systems 304 may be similar, if notidentical, to the sensors and systems 116A-K, 112 described inconjunction with FIGS. 1 and 2.

The navigation sensor 308 may include one or more sensors havingreceivers and antennas that are configured to utilize a satellite-basednavigation system including a network of navigation satellites capableof providing geolocation and time information to at least one componentof the vehicle 100. Examples of the navigation sensor 308 as describedherein may include, but are not limited to, at least one of Garmin® GLO™family of GPS and GLONASS combination sensors, Garmin® GPS 15x™ familyof sensors, Garmin® GPS 16x™ family of sensors with high-sensitivityreceiver and antenna, Garmin® GPS 18x OEM family of high-sensitivity GPSsensors, Dewetron DEWE-VGPS series of GPS sensors, GlobalSat 1-Hz seriesof GPS sensors, other industry-equivalent navigation sensors and/orsystems, and may perform navigational and/or geolocation functions usingany known or future-developed standard and/or architecture.

The orientation sensor 312 may include one or more sensors configured todetermine an orientation of the vehicle 100 relative to at least onereference point. In some embodiments, the orientation sensor 312 mayinclude at least one pressure transducer, stress/strain gauge,accelerometer, gyroscope, and/or geomagnetic sensor. Examples of thenavigation sensor 308 as described herein may include, but are notlimited to, at least one of Bosch Sensortec BMX 160 series low-powerabsolute orientation sensors, Bosch Sensortec BMX055 9-axis sensors,Bosch Sensortec BMI055 6-axis inertial sensors, Bosch Sensortec BMI1606-axis inertial sensors, Bosch Sensortec BMF055 9-axis inertial sensors(accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer) with integrated Cortex M0+microcontroller, Bosch Sensortec BMP280 absolute barometric pressuresensors, Infineon TLV493D-A1B6 3D magnetic sensors, InfineonTLI493D-W1B6 3D magnetic sensors, Infineon TL family of 3D magneticsensors, Murata Electronics SCC2000 series combined gyro sensor andaccelerometer, Murata Electronics SCC1300 series combined gyro sensorand accelerometer, other industry-equivalent orientation sensors and/orsystems, which may perform orientation detection and/or determinationfunctions using any known or future-developed standard and/orarchitecture.

The odometry sensor and/or system 316 may include one or more componentsthat is configured to determine a change in position of the vehicle 100over time. In some embodiments, the odometry system 316 may utilize datafrom one or more other sensors and/or systems 304 in determining aposition (e.g., distance, location, etc.) of the vehicle 100 relative toa previously measured position for the vehicle 100. Additionally oralternatively, the odometry sensors 316 may include one or moreencoders, Hall speed sensors, and/or other measurement sensors/devicesconfigured to measure a wheel speed, rotation, and/or number ofrevolutions made over time. Examples of the odometry sensor/system 316as described herein may include, but are not limited to, at least one ofInfineon TLE4924/26/27/28C high-performance speed sensors, InfineonTL4941plusC(B) single chip differential Hall wheel-speed sensors,Infineon TL5041plusC Giant Mangnetoresistance (GMR) effect sensors,Infineon TL family of magnetic sensors, EPC Model 25SP Accu-CoderPro™incremental shaft encoders, EPC Model 30M compact incremental encoderswith advanced magnetic sensing and signal processing technology, EPCModel 925 absolute shaft encoders, EPC Model 958 absolute shaftencoders, EPC Model MA36S/MA63S/SA36S absolute shaft encoders, Dynapar™F18 commutating optical encoder, Dynapar™ HS35R family of phased arrayencoder sensors, other industry-equivalent odometry sensors and/orsystems, and may perform change in position detection and/ordetermination functions using any known or future-developed standardand/or architecture.

The LIDAR sensor/system 320 may include one or more componentsconfigured to measure distances to targets using laser illumination. Insome embodiments, the LIDAR sensor/system 320 may provide 3D imagingdata of an environment around the vehicle 100. The imaging data may beprocessed to generate a full 360-degree view of the environment aroundthe vehicle 100. The LIDAR sensor/system 320 may include a laser lightgenerator configured to generate a plurality of target illuminationlaser beams (e.g., laser light channels). In some embodiments, thisplurality of laser beams may be aimed at, or directed to, a rotatingreflective surface (e.g., a mirror) and guided outwardly from the LIDARsensor/system 320 into a measurement environment. The rotatingreflective surface may be configured to continually rotate 360 degreesabout an axis, such that the plurality of laser beams is directed in afull 360-degree range around the vehicle 100. A photodiode receiver ofthe LIDAR sensor/system 320 may detect when light from the plurality oflaser beams emitted into the measurement environment returns (e.g.,reflected echo) to the LIDAR sensor/system 320. The LIDAR sensor/system320 may calculate, based on a time associated with the emission of lightto the detected return of light, a distance from the vehicle 100 to theilluminated target. In some embodiments, the LIDAR sensor/system 320 maygenerate over 2.0 million points per second and have an effectiveoperational range of at least 100 meters. Examples of the LIDARsensor/system 320 as described herein may include, but are not limitedto, at least one of Velodyne® LiDAR™ HDL-64E 64-channel LIDAR sensors,Velodyne® LiDAR™ HDL-32E 32-channel LIDAR sensors, Velodyne® LiDAR™PUCK™ VLP-16 16-channel LIDAR sensors, Leica Geosystems Pegasus:Twomobile sensor platform, Garmin® LIDAR-Lite v3 measurement sensor,Quanergy M8 LiDAR sensors, Quanergy S3 solid state LiDAR sensor,LeddarTech® LeddarVU compact solid state fixed-beam LIDAR sensors, otherindustry-equivalent LIDAR sensors and/or systems, and may performilluminated target and/or obstacle detection in an environment aroundthe vehicle 100 using any known or future-developed standard and/orarchitecture.

The RADAR sensors 324 may include one or more radio components that areconfigured to detect objects/targets in an environment of the vehicle100. In some embodiments, the RADAR sensors 324 may determine adistance, position, and/or movement vector (e.g., angle, speed, etc.)associated with a target over time. The RADAR sensors 324 may include atransmitter configured to generate and emit electromagnetic waves (e.g.,radio, microwaves, etc.) and a receiver configured to detect returnedelectromagnetic waves. In some embodiments, the RADAR sensors 324 mayinclude at least one processor configured to interpret the returnedelectromagnetic waves and determine locational properties of targets.Examples of the RADAR sensors 324 as described herein may include, butare not limited to, at least one of Infineon RASIC™ RTN7735PLtransmitter and RRN7745PL/46PL receiver sensors, Autoliv ASP VehicleRADAR sensors, Delphi L2C0051TR 77 GHz ESR Electronically Scanning Radarsensors, Fujitsu Ten Ltd. Automotive Compact 77 GHz 3D Electronic ScanMillimeter Wave Radar sensors, other industry-equivalent RADAR sensorsand/or systems, and may perform radio target and/or obstacle detectionin an environment around the vehicle 100 using any known orfuture-developed standard and/or architecture.

The ultrasonic sensors 328 may include one or more components that areconfigured to detect objects/targets in an environment of the vehicle100. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic sensors 328 may determine adistance, position, and/or movement vector (e.g., angle, speed, etc.)associated with a target over time. The ultrasonic sensors 328 mayinclude an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver, or transceiver,configured to generate and emit ultrasound waves and interpret returnedechoes of those waves. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic sensors 328may include at least one processor configured to interpret the returnedultrasonic waves and determine locational properties of targets.Examples of the ultrasonic sensors 328 as described herein may include,but are not limited to, at least one of Texas Instruments TIDA-00151automotive ultrasonic sensor interface IC sensors, MaxBotix® MB8450ultrasonic proximity sensor, MaxBotix® ParkSonar™-EZ ultrasonicproximity sensors, Murata Electronics MA40H1S-R open-structureultrasonic sensors, Murata Electronics MA40S4R/S open-structureultrasonic sensors, Murata Electronics MA58MF14-7N waterproof ultrasonicsensors, other industry-equivalent ultrasonic sensors and/or systems,and may perform ultrasonic target and/or obstacle detection in anenvironment around the vehicle 100 using any known or future-developedstandard and/or architecture.

The camera sensors 332 may include one or more components configured todetect image information associated with an environment of the vehicle100. In some embodiments, the camera sensors 332 may include a lens,filter, image sensor, and/or a digital image processer. It is an aspectof the present disclosure that multiple camera sensors 332 may be usedtogether to generate stereo images providing depth measurements.Examples of the camera sensors 332 as described herein may include, butare not limited to, at least one of ON Semiconductor® MT9V024 GlobalShutter VGA GS CMOS image sensors, Teledyne DALSA Falcon2 camerasensors, CMOSIS CMV50000 high-speed CMOS image sensors, otherindustry-equivalent camera sensors and/or systems, and may performvisual target and/or obstacle detection in an environment around thevehicle 100 using any known or future-developed standard and/orarchitecture.

The infrared (IR) sensors 336 may include one or more componentsconfigured to detect image information associated with an environment ofthe vehicle 100. The IR sensors 336 may be configured to detect targetsin low-light, dark, or poorly-lit environments. The IR sensors 336 mayinclude an IR light emitting element (e.g., IR light emitting diode(LED), etc.) and an IR photodiode. In some embodiments, the IRphotodiode may be configured to detect returned IR light at or about thesame wavelength to that emitted by the IR light emitting element. Insome embodiments, the IR sensors 336 may include at least one processorconfigured to interpret the returned IR light and determine locationalproperties of targets. The IR sensors 336 may be configured to detectand/or measure a temperature associated with a target (e.g., an object,pedestrian, other vehicle, etc.). Examples of IR sensors 336 asdescribed herein may include, but are not limited to, at least one ofOpto Diode lead-salt IR array sensors, Opto Diode OD-850 Near-IR LEDsensors, Opto Diode SA/SHA727 steady state IR emitters and IR detectors,FLIR® LS microbolometer sensors, FLIR® TacFLIR 380-HD InSb MWIR FPA andHD MWIR thermal sensors, FLIR® VOx 640×480 pixel detector sensors,Delphi IR sensors, other industry-equivalent IR sensors and/or systems,and may perform IR visual target and/or obstacle detection in anenvironment around the vehicle 100 using any known or future-developedstandard and/or architecture.

The vehicle 100 can also include one or more interior sensors 337.Interior sensors 337 can measure characteristics of the insideenvironment of the vehicle 100. The interior sensors 337 may be asdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 3B.

A navigation system 302 can include any hardware and/or software used tonavigate the vehicle either manually or autonomously. The navigationsystem 302 may be as described in conjunction with FIG. 3C.

In some embodiments, the driving vehicle sensors and systems 304 mayinclude other sensors 338 and/or combinations of the sensors 306-337described above. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of thesensors 306-337 described above may include one or more processorsconfigured to process and/or interpret signals detected by the one ormore sensors 306-337. In some embodiments, the processing of at leastsome sensor information provided by the vehicle sensors and systems 304may be processed by at least one sensor processor 340. Raw and/orprocessed sensor data may be stored in a sensor data memory 344 storagemedium. In some embodiments, the sensor data memory 344 may storeinstructions used by the sensor processor 340 for processing sensorinformation provided by the sensors and systems 304. In any event, thesensor data memory 344 may be a disk drive, optical storage device,solid-state storage device such as a random access memory (“RAM”) and/ora read-only memory (“ROM”), which can be programmable, flash-updateable,and/or the like.

The vehicle control system 348 may receive processed sensor informationfrom the sensor processor 340 and determine to control an aspect of thevehicle 100. Controlling an aspect of the vehicle 100 may includepresenting information via one or more display devices 372 associatedwith the vehicle, sending commands to one or more computing devices 368associated with the vehicle, and/or controlling a driving operation ofthe vehicle. In some embodiments, the vehicle control system 348 maycorrespond to one or more computing systems that control drivingoperations of the vehicle 100 in accordance with the Levels of drivingautonomy described above. In one embodiment, the vehicle control system348 may operate a speed of the vehicle 100 by controlling an outputsignal to the accelerator and/or braking system of the vehicle. In thisexample, the vehicle control system 348 may receive sensor datadescribing an environment surrounding the vehicle 100 and, based on thesensor data received, determine to adjust the acceleration, poweroutput, and/or braking of the vehicle 100. The vehicle control system348 may additionally control steering and/or other driving functions ofthe vehicle 100.

The vehicle control system 348 may communicate, in real-time, with thedriving sensors and systems 304 forming a feedback loop. In particular,upon receiving sensor information describing a condition of targets inthe environment surrounding the vehicle 100, the vehicle control system348 may autonomously make changes to a driving operation of the vehicle100. The vehicle control system 348 may then receive subsequent sensorinformation describing any change to the condition of the targetsdetected in the environment as a result of the changes made to thedriving operation. This continual cycle of observation (e.g., via thesensors, etc.) and action (e.g., selected control or non-control ofvehicle operations, etc.) allows the vehicle 100 to operate autonomouslyin the environment.

In some embodiments, the one or more components of the vehicle 100(e.g., the driving vehicle sensors 304, vehicle control system 348,display devices 372, etc.) may communicate across the communicationnetwork 352 to one or more entities 356A-N via a communicationssubsystem 350 of the vehicle 100. Embodiments of the communicationssubsystem 350 are described in greater detail in conjunction with FIG.5. For instance, the navigation sensors 308 may receive globalpositioning, location, and/or navigational information from a navigationsource 356A. In some embodiments, the navigation source 356A may be aglobal navigation satellite system (GNSS) similar, if not identical, toNAVSTAR GPS, GLONASS, EU Galileo, and/or the BeiDou Navigation SatelliteSystem (BDS) to name a few.

In some embodiments, the vehicle control system 348 may receive controlinformation from one or more control sources 356B. The control source356 may provide vehicle control information including autonomous drivingcontrol commands, vehicle operation override control commands, and thelike. The control source 356 may correspond to an autonomous vehiclecontrol system, a traffic control system, an administrative controlentity, and/or some other controlling server. It is an aspect of thepresent disclosure that the vehicle control system 348 and/or othercomponents of the vehicle 100 may exchange communications with thecontrol source 356 across the communication network 352 and via thecommunications subsystem 350.

Information associated with controlling driving operations of thevehicle 100 may be stored in a control data memory 364 storage medium.The control data memory 364 may store instructions used by the vehiclecontrol system 348 for controlling driving operations of the vehicle100, historical control information, autonomous driving control rules,and the like. In some embodiments, the control data memory 364 may be adisk drive, optical storage device, solid-state storage device such as arandom access memory (“RAM”) and/or a read-only memory (“ROM”), whichcan be programmable, flash-updateable, and/or the like.

In addition to the mechanical components described herein, the vehicle100 may include a number of user interface devices. The user interfacedevices receive and translate human input into a mechanical movement orelectrical signal or stimulus. The human input may be one or more ofmotion (e.g., body movement, body part movement, in two-dimensional orthree-dimensional space, etc.), voice, touch, and/or physicalinteraction with the components of the vehicle 100. In some embodiments,the human input may be configured to control one or more functions ofthe vehicle 100 and/or systems of the vehicle 100 described herein. Userinterfaces may include, but are in no way limited to, at least onegraphical user interface of a display device, steering wheel ormechanism, transmission lever or button (e.g., including park, neutral,reverse, and/or drive positions, etc.), throttle control pedal ormechanism, brake control pedal or mechanism, power control switch,communications equipment, etc.

FIG. 3B shows a block diagram of an embodiment of interior sensors 337for a vehicle 100. The interior sensors 337 may be arranged into one ormore groups, based at least partially on the function of the interiorsensors 337. For example, the interior space of a vehicle 100 mayinclude environmental sensors, user interface sensor(s), and/or safetysensors. Additionally or alternatively, there may be sensors associatedwith various devices inside the vehicle (e.g., smartphones, tablets,mobile computers, wearables, etc.)

Environmental sensors may comprise sensors configured to collect datarelating to the internal environment of a vehicle 100. Examples ofenvironmental sensors may include one or more of, but are not limitedto: oxygen/air sensors 301, temperature sensors 303, humidity sensors305, light/photo sensors 307, and more. The oxygen/air sensors 301 maybe configured to detect a quality or characteristic of the air in theinterior space 108 of the vehicle 100 (e.g., ratios and/or types ofgasses comprising the air inside the vehicle 100, dangerous gas levels,safe gas levels, etc.). Temperature sensors 303 may be configured todetect temperature readings of one or more objects, users 216, and/orareas of a vehicle 100. Humidity sensors 305 may detect an amount ofwater vapor present in the air inside the vehicle 100. The light/photosensors 307 can detect an amount of light present in the vehicle 100.Further, the light/photo sensors 307 may be configured to detect variouslevels of light intensity associated with light in the vehicle 100.

User interface sensors may comprise sensors configured to collect datarelating to one or more users (e.g., a driver and/or passenger(s)) in avehicle 100. As can be appreciated, the user interface sensors mayinclude sensors that are configured to collect data from users 216 inone or more areas of the vehicle 100. Examples of user interface sensorsmay include one or more of, but are not limited to: infrared sensors309, motion sensors 311, weight sensors 313, wireless network sensors315, biometric sensors 317, camera (or image) sensors 319, audio sensors321, and more.

Infrared sensors 309 may be used to measure IR light irradiating from atleast one surface, user, or other object in the vehicle 100. Among otherthings, the Infrared sensors 309 may be used to measure temperatures,form images (especially in low light conditions), identify users 216,and even detect motion in the vehicle 100.

The motion sensors 311 may detect motion and/or movement of objectsinside the vehicle 104. Optionally, the motion sensors 311 may be usedalone or in combination to detect movement. For example, a user may beoperating a vehicle 100 (e.g., while driving, etc.) when a passenger inthe rear of the vehicle 100 unbuckles a safety belt and proceeds to moveabout the vehicle 10. In this example, the movement of the passengercould be detected by the motion sensors 311. In response to detectingthe movement and/or the direction associated with the movement, thepassenger may be prevented from interfacing with and/or accessing atleast some of the vehicle control features. As can be appreciated, theuser may be alerted of the movement/motion such that the user can act toprevent the passenger from interfering with the vehicle controls.Optionally, the number of motion sensors in a vehicle may be increasedto increase an accuracy associated with motion detected in the vehicle100.

Weight sensors 313 may be employed to collect data relating to objectsand/or users in various areas of the vehicle 100. In some cases, theweight sensors 313 may be included in the seats and/or floor of avehicle 100. Optionally, the vehicle 100 may include a wireless networksensor 315. This sensor 315 may be configured to detect one or morewireless network(s) inside the vehicle 100. Examples of wirelessnetworks may include, but are not limited to, wireless communicationsutilizing Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi™, ZigBee, IEEE 802.11, and other wirelesstechnology standards. For example, a mobile hotspot may be detectedinside the vehicle 100 via the wireless network sensor 315. In thiscase, the vehicle 100 may determine to utilize and/or share the mobilehotspot detected via/with one or more other devices associated with thevehicle 100.

Biometric sensors 317 may be employed to identify and/or recordcharacteristics associated with a user. It is anticipated that biometricsensors 317 can include at least one of image sensors, IR sensors,fingerprint readers, weight sensors, load cells, force transducers,heart rate monitors, blood pressure monitors, and the like as providedherein.

The camera sensors 319 may record still images, video, and/orcombinations thereof. Camera sensors 319 may be used alone or incombination to identify objects, users, and/or other features, insidethe vehicle 100. Two or more camera sensors 319 may be used incombination to form, among other things, stereo and/or three-dimensional(3D) images. The stereo images can be recorded and/or used to determinedepth associated with objects and/or users in a vehicle 100. Further,the camera sensors 319 used in combination may determine the complexgeometry associated with identifying characteristics of a user. Forexample, the camera sensors 319 may be used to determine dimensionsbetween various features of a user's face (e.g., the depth/distance froma user's nose to a user's cheeks, a linear distance between the centerof a user's eyes, and more). These dimensions may be used to verify,record, and even modify characteristics that serve to identify a user.The camera sensors 319 may also be used to determine movement associatedwith objects and/or users within the vehicle 100. It should beappreciated that the number of image sensors used in a vehicle 100 maybe increased to provide greater dimensional accuracy and/or views of adetected image in the vehicle 100.

The audio sensors 321 may be configured to receive audio input from auser of the vehicle 100. The audio input from a user may correspond tovoice commands, conversations detected in the vehicle 100, phone callsmade in the vehicle 100, and/or other audible expressions made in thevehicle 100. Audio sensors 321 may include, but are not limited to,microphones and other types of acoustic-to-electric transducers orsensors. Optionally, the interior audio sensors 321 may be configured toreceive and convert sound waves into an equivalent analog or digitalsignal. The interior audio sensors 321 may serve to determine one ormore locations associated with various sounds in the vehicle 100. Thelocation of the sounds may be determined based on a comparison of volumelevels, intensity, and the like, between sounds detected by two or moreinterior audio sensors 321. For instance, a first audio sensors 321 maybe located in a first area of the vehicle 100 and a second audio sensors321 may be located in a second area of the vehicle 100. If a sound isdetected at a first volume level by the first audio sensors 321 A and asecond, higher, volume level by the second audio sensors 321 in thesecond area of the vehicle 100, the sound may be determined to be closerto the second area of the vehicle 100. As can be appreciated, the numberof sound receivers used in a vehicle 100 may be increased (e.g., morethan two, etc.) to increase measurement accuracy surrounding sounddetection and location, or source, of the sound (e.g., viatriangulation, etc.).

The safety sensors may comprise sensors configured to collect datarelating to the safety of a user and/or one or more components of avehicle 100. Examples of safety sensors may include one or more of, butare not limited to: force sensors 325, mechanical motion sensors 327,orientation sensors 329, restraint sensors 331, and more.

The force sensors 325 may include one or more sensors inside the vehicle100 configured to detect a force observed in the vehicle 100. Oneexample of a force sensor 325 may include a force transducer thatconverts measured forces (e.g., force, weight, pressure, etc.) intooutput signals. Mechanical motion sensors 327 may correspond toencoders, accelerometers, damped masses, and the like. Optionally, themechanical motion sensors 327 may be adapted to measure the force ofgravity (i.e., G-force) as observed inside the vehicle 100. Measuringthe G-force observed inside a vehicle 100 can provide valuableinformation related to a vehicle's acceleration, deceleration,collisions, and/or forces that may have been suffered by one or moreusers in the vehicle 100. Orientation sensors 329 can includeaccelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetic sensors, and the like that areconfigured to detect an orientation associated with the vehicle 100.

The restraint sensors 331 may correspond to sensors associated with oneor more restraint devices and/or systems in a vehicle 100. Seatbelts andairbags are examples of restraint devices and/or systems. As can beappreciated, the restraint devices and/or systems may be associated withone or more sensors that are configured to detect a state of thedevice/system. The state may include extension, engagement, retraction,disengagement, deployment, and/or other electrical or mechanicalconditions associated with the device/system.

The associated device sensors 323 can include any sensors that areassociated with a device in the vehicle 100. As previously stated,typical devices may include smartphones, tablets, laptops, mobilecomputers, and the like. It is anticipated that the various sensorsassociated with these devices can be employed by the vehicle controlsystem 348. For example, a typical smartphone can include, an imagesensor, an IR sensor, audio sensor, gyroscope, accelerometer, wirelessnetwork sensor, fingerprint reader, and more. It is an aspect of thepresent disclosure that one or more of these associated device sensors323 may be used by one or more subsystems of the vehicle 100.

FIG. 3C illustrates a GPS/Navigation subsystem(s) 302. The navigationsubsystem(s) 302 can be any present or future-built navigation systemthat may use location data, for example, from the Global PositioningSystem (GPS), to provide navigation information or control the vehicle100. The navigation subsystem(s) 302 can include several components,such as, one or more of, but not limited to: a GPS Antenna/receiver 331,a location module 333, a maps database 335, etc. Generally, the severalcomponents or modules 331-335 may be hardware, software, firmware,computer readable media, or combinations thereof.

A GPS Antenna/receiver 331 can be any antenna, GPS puck, and/or receivercapable of receiving signals from a GPS satellite or other navigationsystem. The signals may be demodulated, converted, interpreted, etc. bythe GPS Antenna/receiver 331 and provided to the location module 333.Thus, the GPS Antenna/receiver 331 may convert the time signals from theGPS system and provide a location (e.g., coordinates on a map) to thelocation module 333. Alternatively, the location module 333 caninterpret the time signals into coordinates or other locationinformation.

The location module 333 can be the controller of the satellitenavigation system designed for use in the vehicle 100. The locationmodule 333 can acquire position data, as from the GPS Antenna/receiver331, to locate the user or vehicle 100 on a road in the unit's mapdatabase 335. Using the road database 335, the location module 333 cangive directions to other locations along roads also in the database 335.When a GPS signal is not available, the location module 333 may applydead reckoning to estimate distance data from sensors 304 including oneor more of, but not limited to, a speed sensor attached to the drivetrain of the vehicle 100, a gyroscope, an accelerometer, etc.Additionally or alternatively, the location module 333 may use knownlocations of Wi-Fi hotspots, cell tower data, etc. to determine theposition of the vehicle 100, such as by using time difference of arrival(TDOA) and/or frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) techniques.

The maps database 335 can include any hardware and/or software to storeinformation about maps, geographical information system (GIS)information, location information, etc. The maps database 335 caninclude any data definition or other structure to store the information.Generally, the maps database 335 can include a road database that mayinclude one or more vector maps of areas of interest. Street names,street numbers, house numbers, and other information can be encoded asgeographic coordinates so that the user can find some desireddestination by street address. Points of interest (waypoints) can alsobe stored with their geographic coordinates. For example, a point ofinterest may include speed cameras, fuel stations, public parking, and“parked here” (or “you parked here”) information. The maps database 335may also include road or street characteristics, for example, speedlimits, location of stop lights/stop signs, lane divisions, schoollocations, etc. The map database contents can be produced or updated bya server connected through a wireless system in communication with theInternet, even as the vehicle 100 is driven along existing streets,yielding an up-to-date map.

FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of the instrument panel 400 of the vehicle100. The instrument panel 400 of vehicle 100 comprises a steering wheel410, a vehicle operational display 420 (e.g., configured to presentand/or display driving data such as speed, measured air resistance,vehicle information, entertainment information, etc.), one or moreauxiliary displays 424 (e.g., configured to present and/or displayinformation segregated from the operational display 420, entertainmentapplications, movies, music, etc.), a heads-up display 434 (e.g.,configured to display any information previously described including,but in no way limited to, guidance information such as route todestination, or obstacle warning information to warn of a potentialcollision, or some or all primary vehicle operational data such asspeed, resistance, etc.), a power management display 428 (e.g.,configured to display data corresponding to electric power levels ofvehicle 100, reserve power, charging status, etc.), and an input device432 (e.g., a controller, touchscreen, or other interface deviceconfigured to interface with one or more displays in the instrumentpanel or components of the vehicle 100. The input device 432 may beconfigured as a joystick, mouse, touchpad, tablet, 3D gesture capturedevice, etc.). In some embodiments, the input device 432 may be used tomanually maneuver a portion of the vehicle 100 into a charging position(e.g., moving a charging plate to a desired separation distance, etc.).

While one or more of displays of instrument panel 400 may betouch-screen displays, it should be appreciated that the vehicleoperational display may be a display incapable of receiving touch input.For instance, the operational display 420 that spans across an interiorspace centerline 404 and across both a first zone 408A and a second zone408B may be isolated from receiving input from touch, especially from apassenger. In some cases, a display that provides vehicle operation orcritical systems information and interface may be restricted fromreceiving touch input and/or be configured as a non-touch display. Thistype of configuration can prevent dangerous mistakes in providing touchinput where such input may cause an accident or unwanted control.

In some embodiments, one or more displays of the instrument panel 400may be mobile devices and/or applications residing on a mobile devicesuch as a smartphone. Additionally or alternatively, any of theinformation described herein may be presented to one or more portions420A-N of the operational display 420 or other display 424, 428, 434. Inone embodiment, one or more displays of the instrument panel 400 may bephysically separated or detached from the instrument panel 400. In somecases, a detachable display may remain tethered to the instrument panel.

The portions 420A-N of the operational display 420 may be dynamicallyreconfigured and/or resized to suit any display of information asdescribed. Additionally or alternatively, the number of portions 420A-Nused to visually present information via the operational display 420 maybe dynamically increased or decreased as required, and are not limitedto the configurations shown.

FIG. 5 illustrates a hardware diagram of communications componentry thatcan be optionally associated with the vehicle 100 in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure.

The communications componentry can include one or more wired or wirelessdevices such as a transceiver(s) and/or modem that allows communicationsnot only between the various systems disclosed herein but also withother devices, such as devices on a network, and/or on a distributednetwork such as the Internet and/or in the cloud and/or with othervehicle(s).

The communications subsystem 350 can also include inter- andintra-vehicle communications capabilities such as hotspot and/or accesspoint connectivity for any one or more of the vehicle occupants and/orvehicle-to-vehicle communications.

Additionally, and while not specifically illustrated, the communicationssubsystem 350 can include one or more communications links (that can bewired or wireless) and/or communications busses (managed by the busmanager 574), including one or more of CANbus, OBD-II, ARCINC 429,Byteflight, CAN (Controller Area Network), D2B (Domestic Digital Bus),FlexRay, DC-BUS, IDB-1394, IEBus, I2C, ISO 9141-1/-2, J1708, J1587,J1850, J1939, ISO 11783, Keyword Protocol 2000, LIN (Local InterconnectNetwork), MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport), Multifunction VehicleBus, SMARTwireX, SPI, VAN (Vehicle Area Network), and the like or ingeneral any communications protocol and/or standard(s).

The various protocols and communications can be communicated one or moreof wirelessly and/or over transmission media such as single wire,twisted pair, fiber optic, IEEE 1394, MIL-STD-1553, MIL-STD-1773,power-line communication, or the like. (All of the above standards andprotocols are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety).

As discussed, the communications subsystem 350 enables communicationsbetween any of the inter-vehicle systems and subsystems as well ascommunications with non-collocated resources, such as those reachableover a network such as the Internet.

The communications subsystem 350, in addition to well-known componentry(which has been omitted for clarity), includes interconnected elementsincluding one or more of: one or more antennas 504, aninterleaver/deinterleaver 508, an analog front end (AFE) 512,memory/storage/cache 516, controller/microprocessor 520, MAC circuitry522, modulator/demodulator 524, encoder/decoder 528, a plurality ofconnectivity managers 534, 558, 562, 566, GPU 540, accelerator 544, amultiplexer/demultiplexer 552, transmitter 570, receiver 572 andadditional wireless radio components such as a Wi-Fi PHY/Bluetooth®module 580, a Wi-Fi/BT MAC module 584, additional transmitter(s) 588 andadditional receiver(s) 592. The various elements in the device 350 areconnected by one or more links/busses 5 (not shown, again for sake ofclarity).

The device 350 can have one more antennas 504, for use in wirelesscommunications such as multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communications,multi-user multi-input multi-output (MU-MIMO) communications Bluetooth®,LTE, 4G, 5G, Near-Field Communication (NFC), etc., and in general forany type of wireless communications. The antenna(s) 504 can include, butare not limited to one or more of directional antennas, omnidirectionalantennas, monopoles, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas,dipoles, and any other antenna(s) suitable for communicationtransmission/reception. In an exemplary embodiment,transmission/reception using MIMO may require particular antennaspacing. In another exemplary embodiment, MIMO transmission/receptioncan enable spatial diversity allowing for different channelcharacteristics at each of the antennas. In yet another embodiment, MIMOtransmission/reception can be used to distribute resources to multipleusers for example within the vehicle 100 and/or in another vehicle.

Antenna(s) 504 generally interact with the Analog Front End (AFE) 512,which is needed to enable the correct processing of the receivedmodulated signal and signal conditioning for a transmitted signal. TheAFE 512 can be functionally located between the antenna and a digitalbaseband system in order to convert the analog signal into a digitalsignal for processing and vice-versa.

The subsystem 350 can also include a controller/microprocessor 520 and amemory/storage/cache 516. The subsystem 350 can interact with thememory/storage/cache 516 which may store information and operationsnecessary for configuring and transmitting or receiving the informationdescribed herein. The memory/storage/cache 516 may also be used inconnection with the execution of application programming or instructionsby the controller/microprocessor 520, and for temporary or long termstorage of program instructions and/or data. As examples, thememory/storage/cache 520 may comprise a computer-readable device, RAM,ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, and/or other storage device(s) and media.

The controller/microprocessor 520 may comprise a general purposeprogrammable processor or controller for executing applicationprogramming or instructions related to the subsystem 350. Furthermore,the controller/microprocessor 520 can perform operations for configuringand transmitting/receiving information as described herein. Thecontroller/microprocessor 520 may include multiple processor cores,and/or implement multiple virtual processors. Optionally, thecontroller/microprocessor 520 may include multiple physical processors.By way of example, the controller/microprocessor 520 may comprise aspecially configured Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) orother integrated circuit, a digital signal processor(s), a controller, ahardwired electronic or logic circuit, a programmable logic device orgate array, a special purpose computer, or the like.

The subsystem 350 can further include a transmitter(s) 570, 588 andreceiver(s) 572, 592 which can transmit and receive signals,respectively, to and from other devices, subsystems and/or otherdestinations using the one or more antennas 504 and/or links/busses.Included in the subsystem 350 circuitry is the medium access control orMAC Circuitry 522. MAC circuitry 522 provides for controlling access tothe wireless medium. In an exemplary embodiment, the MAC circuitry 522may be arranged to contend for the wireless medium and configure framesor packets for communicating over the wired/wireless medium.

The subsystem 350 can also optionally contain a security module (notshown). This security module can contain information regarding but notlimited to, security parameters required to connect the device to one ormore other devices or other available network(s), and can include WEP orWPA/WPA-2 (optionally+AES and/or TKIP) security access keys, networkkeys, etc. The WEP security access key is a security password used byWi-Fi networks. Knowledge of this code can enable a wireless device toexchange information with an access point and/or another device. Theinformation exchange can occur through encoded messages with the WEPaccess code often being chosen by the network administrator. WPA is anadded security standard that is also used in conjunction with networkconnectivity with stronger encryption than WEP.

In some embodiments, the communications subsystem 350 also includes aGPU 540, an accelerator 544, a Wi-Fi/BT/BLE (Bluetooth® Low-Energy) PHYmodule 580 and a Wi-Fi/BT/BLE MAC module 584 and optional wirelesstransmitter 588 and optional wireless receiver 592. In some embodiments,the GPU 540 may be a graphics processing unit, or visual processingunit, comprising at least one circuit and/or chip that manipulates andchanges memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame bufferfor output to at least one display device. The GPU 540 may include oneor more of a display device connection port, printed circuit board(PCB), a GPU chip, a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET), memory (e.g., single data rate random-access memory (SDRAM),double data rate random-access memory (DDR) RAM, etc., and/orcombinations thereof), a secondary processing chip (e.g., handling videoout capabilities, processing, and/or other functions in addition to theGPU chip, etc.), a capacitor, heatsink, temperature control or coolingfan, motherboard connection, shielding, and the like.

The various connectivity managers 534, 558, 562, 566 manage and/orcoordinate communications between the subsystem 350 and one or more ofthe systems disclosed herein and one or more other devices/systems. Theconnectivity managers 534, 558, 562, 566 include a charging connectivitymanager 534, a vehicle database connectivity manager 558, a remoteoperating system connectivity manager 562, and a sensor connectivitymanager 566.

The charging connectivity manager 534 can coordinate not only thephysical connectivity between the vehicle 100 and a chargingdevice/vehicle, but can also communicate with one or more of a powermanagement controller, one or more third parties and optionally abilling system(s). As an example, the vehicle 100 can establishcommunications with the charging device/vehicle to one or more ofcoordinate interconnectivity between the two (e.g., by spatiallyaligning the charging receptacle on the vehicle with the charger on thecharging vehicle) and optionally share navigation information. Oncecharging is complete, the amount of charge provided can be tracked andoptionally forwarded to, for example, a third party for billing. Inaddition to being able to manage connectivity for the exchange of power,the charging connectivity manager 534 can also communicate information,such as billing information to the charging vehicle and/or a thirdparty. This billing information could be, for example, the owner of thevehicle, the driver/occupant(s) of the vehicle, company information, orin general any information usable to charge the appropriate entity forthe power received.

The vehicle database connectivity manager 558 allows the subsystem toreceive and/or share information stored in the vehicle database. Thisinformation can be shared with other vehicle components/subsystemsand/or other entities, such as third parties and/or charging systems.The information can also be shared with one or more vehicle occupantdevices, such as an app (application) on a mobile device the driver usesto track information about the vehicle 100 and/or a dealer orservice/maintenance provider. In general, any information stored in thevehicle database can optionally be shared with any one or more otherdevices optionally subject to any privacy or confidentiallyrestrictions.

The remote operating system connectivity manager 562 facilitatescommunications between the vehicle 100 and any one or more autonomousvehicle systems. These communications can include one or more ofnavigation information, vehicle information, other vehicle information,weather information, occupant information, or in general any informationrelated to the remote operation of the vehicle 100.

The sensor connectivity manager 566 facilitates communications betweenany one or more of the vehicle sensors (e.g., the driving vehiclesensors and systems 304, etc.) and any one or more of the other vehiclesystems. The sensor connectivity manager 566 can also facilitatecommunications between any one or more of the sensors and/or vehiclesystems and any other destination, such as a service company, app, or ingeneral to any destination where sensor data is needed.

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, any of the communicationsdiscussed herein can be communicated via the conductor(s) used forcharging. One exemplary protocol usable for these communications isPower-line communication (PLC). PLC is a communication protocol thatuses electrical wiring to simultaneously carry both data, andAlternating Current (AC) electric power transmission or electric powerdistribution. It is also known as power-line carrier, power-line digitalsubscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power-linetelecommunications, or power-line networking (PLN). For DC environmentsin vehicles PLC can be used in conjunction with CAN-bus, LIN-bus overpower line (DC-LIN) and DC-BUS.

The communications subsystem can also optionally manage one or moreidentifiers, such as an IP (Internet Protocol) address(es), associatedwith the vehicle and one or other system or subsystems or componentsand/or devices therein. These identifiers can be used in conjunctionwith any one or more of the connectivity managers as discussed herein.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of a computing environment 600 thatmay function as the servers, user computers, or other systems providedand described herein. The computing environment 600 includes one or moreuser computers, or computing devices, such as a vehicle computing device604, a communication device 608, and/or more 612. The computing devices604, 608, 612 may include general purpose personal computers (including,merely by way of example, personal computers, and/or laptop computersrunning various versions of Microsoft Corp.'s Windows® and/or AppleCorp.'s Macintosh® operating systems) and/or workstation computersrunning any of a variety of commercially-available UNIX® or UNIX-likeoperating systems. These computing devices 604, 608, 612 may also haveany of a variety of applications, including for example, database clientand/or server applications, and web browser applications. Alternatively,the computing devices 604, 608, 612 may be any other electronic device,such as a thin-client computer, Internet-enabled mobile telephone,and/or personal digital assistant, capable of communicating via anetwork 352 and/or displaying and navigating web pages or other types ofelectronic documents or information. Although the exemplary computingenvironment 600 is shown with two computing devices, any number of usercomputers or computing devices may be supported.

The computing environment 600 may also include one or more servers 614,616. In this example, server 614 is shown as a web server and server 616is shown as an application server. The web server 614, which may be usedto process requests for web pages or other electronic documents fromcomputing devices 604, 608, 612. The web server 614 can be running anoperating system including any of those discussed above, as well as anycommercially-available server operating systems. The web server 614 canalso run a variety of server applications, including SIP (SessionInitiation Protocol) servers, HTTP(s) servers, FTP servers, CGI servers,database servers, Java® servers, and the like. In some instances, theweb server 614 may publish operations available operations as one ormore web services.

The computing environment 600 may also include one or more file andor/application servers 616, which can, in addition to an operatingsystem, include one or more applications accessible by a client runningon one or more of the computing devices 604, 608, 612. The server(s) 616and/or 614 may be one or more general purpose computers capable ofexecuting programs or scripts in response to the computing devices 604,608, 612. As one example, the server 616, 614 may execute one or moreweb applications. The web application may be implemented as one or morescripts or programs written in any programming language, such as Java®,C, C#®, or C++, and/or any scripting language, such as Perl, Python, orTCL, as well as combinations of any programming/scripting languages. Theapplication server(s) 616 may also include database servers, includingwithout limitation those commercially available from Oracle®,Microsoft®, Sybase®, IBM® and the like, which can process requests fromdatabase clients running on a computing device 604, 608, 612.

The web pages created by the server 614 and/or 616 may be forwarded to acomputing device 604, 608, 612 via a web (file) server 614, 616.Similarly, the web server 614 may be able to receive web page requests,web services invocations, and/or input data from a computing device 604,608, 612 (e.g., a user computer, etc.) and can forward the web pagerequests and/or input data to the web (application) server 616. Infurther embodiments, the server 616 may function as a file server.Although for ease of description, FIG. 6 illustrates a separate webserver 614 and file/application server 616, those skilled in the artwill recognize that the functions described with respect to servers 614,616 may be performed by a single server and/or a plurality ofspecialized servers, depending on implementation-specific needs andparameters. The computer systems 604, 608, 612, web (file) server 614and/or web (application) server 616 may function as the system, devices,or components described in FIGS. 1-6.

The computing environment 600 may also include a database 618. Thedatabase 618 may reside in a variety of locations. By way of example,database 618 may reside on a storage medium local to (and/or residentin) one or more of the computers 604, 608, 612, 614, 616. Alternatively,it may be remote from any or all of the computers 604, 608, 612, 614,616, and in communication (e.g., via the network 610) with one or moreof these. The database 618 may reside in a storage-area network (“SAN”)familiar to those skilled in the art. Similarly, any necessary files forperforming the functions attributed to the computers 604, 608, 612, 614,616 may be stored locally on the respective computer and/or remotely, asappropriate. The database 618 may be a relational database, such asOracle 20i®, that is adapted to store, update, and retrieve data inresponse to SQL-formatted commands.

FIG. 7 illustrates one embodiment of a computer system 700 upon whichthe servers, user computers, computing devices, or other systems orcomponents described above may be deployed or executed. The computersystem 700 is shown comprising hardware elements that may beelectrically coupled via a bus 704. The hardware elements may includeone or more central processing units (CPUs) 708; one or more inputdevices 712 (e.g., a mouse, a keyboard, etc.); and one or more outputdevices 716 (e.g., a display device, a printer, etc.). The computersystem 700 may also include one or more storage devices 720. By way ofexample, storage device(s) 720 may be disk drives, optical storagedevices, solid-state storage devices such as a random access memory(“RAM”) and/or a read-only memory (“ROM”), which can be programmable,flash-updateable and/or the like.

The computer system 700 may additionally include a computer-readablestorage media reader 724; a communications system 728 (e.g., a modem, anetwork card (wireless or wired), an infra-red communication device,etc.); and working memory 736, which may include RAM and ROM devices asdescribed above. The computer system 700 may also include a processingacceleration unit 732, which can include a DSP, a special-purposeprocessor, and/or the like.

The computer-readable storage media reader 724 can further be connectedto a computer-readable storage medium, together (and, optionally, incombination with storage device(s) 720) comprehensively representingremote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plus storagemedia for temporarily and/or more permanently containingcomputer-readable information. The communications system 728 may permitdata to be exchanged with a network and/or any other computer describedabove with respect to the computer environments described herein.Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” may representone or more devices for storing data, including read only memory (ROM),random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic diskstorage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/orother machine readable mediums for storing information.

The computer system 700 may also comprise software elements, shown asbeing currently located within a working memory 736, including anoperating system 740 and/or other code 744. It should be appreciatedthat alternate embodiments of a computer system 700 may have numerousvariations from that described above. For example, customized hardwaremight also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented inhardware, software (including portable software, such as applets), orboth. Further, connection to other computing devices such as networkinput/output devices may be employed.

Examples of the processors 340, 708 as described herein may include, butare not limited to, at least one of Qualcomm® Snapdragon® 800 and 801,Qualcomm® Snapdragon® 620 and 615 with 4G LTE Integration and 64-bitcomputing, Apple® A7 processor with 64-bit architecture, Apple® M7motion coprocessors, Samsung® Exynos® series, the Intel® Core™ family ofprocessors, the Intel® Xeon® family of processors, the Intel® Atom™family of processors, the Intel Itanium® family of processors, Intel®Core® i5-4670K and i7-4770K 22 nm Haswell, Intel® Core® i5-3570K 22 nmIvy Bridge, the AMD® FX™ family of processors, AMD® FX-4300, FX-6300,and FX-8350 32 nm Vishera, AMD® Kaveri processors, Texas Instruments®Jacinto C6000™ automotive infotainment processors, Texas Instruments®OMAP™ automotive-grade mobile processors, ARM® Cortex™-M processors,ARM® Cortex-A and ARM926EJ-S™ processors, other industry-equivalentprocessors, and may perform computational functions using any known orfuture-developed standard, instruction set, libraries, and/orarchitecture.

FIG. 8 illustrates exemplary components of a security system 800 in avehicle. The security system 800 includes a multi-factor authenticationsystem 804, a BIOS controller 808, a security license system 812, apassenger information module 816, connected to one or more data storagedevices, a biometric module 820, a navigation system 824, acommunications system 828, a backup key module 832, and a key reader836, one or more of which can be in communication with the communicationsubsystem 350, and/or any other vehicle system or subsystem as discussedherein.

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, multi-factor authenticationis utilized to unlock or otherwise provide access to the vehicle. Inparticular, when a user approaches the vehicle and requests access tothe vehicle, the multi-factor authentication system 804, optionally inconjunction with the communication subsystem 350 and antenna 504, cancommunicate to the user that they have received a request for access tothe vehicle, and request additional forms of authentication. Themulti-factor authentication system 804 can optionally perform a filterbased on this initial request to the vehicle, and instead communicate tothe user that the vehicle is not available if, for example, an initialID or other type of identifier presented by the user does not correspondto a list of authorized user(s) for the vehicle. For example, a userwith their smartphone can approach the vehicle and the smartphone cancommunicate information regarding the identity of the user to thevehicle. Upon approaching the vehicle, the user can indicate that theywould like to access the vehicle. This indication can be performed viaone or more of docking the device, e.g., smartphone, to the vehicle,inserting a “key” as discussed herein into an appropriate key reader836, utilizing wireless communications to query a surrounding area andselecting the vehicle that the user would want to access, in a mannersimilar to the way a device can identify, and connect with availablewireless networks, and/or utilizing one or more of the sensors asdiscussed herein. For example, and as discussed, one or more of thevehicle sensors can identify the presence of a user proximate to thevehicle. Upon detecting the proximity of the user, the vehicle couldoptionally query the user or a user's device, such as the user'ssmartphone, and determine whether an identity on the smartphone is anauthorized user of the vehicle.

Once it is determined that the user could potentially be an authorizeduser of the vehicle, the multi-factor authentication system 804 canindicate to the user that additional factors of authentication arerequired before allowing them full access to the vehicle. As discussed,this multi-factor authentication can be based on one or more ofbiometric information, a rolling RSA security license, a password, akey, encryption and/or decryption information, and/or in general anyinformation supplemental to a first portion of information that areusable in combination to ensure the user is an appropriately authorizeduser of the vehicle. As is to be appreciated, the greater number offactors, the greater the chances of ensuring that the user is anappropriately authorized user of the vehicle. Should the appropriateauthentications not be presented at any time, the vehicle can maintainitself in a locked-down state and, in accordance with one exemplaryembodiment, the BIOS controller 808 preventing an unauthorized access toand/or usage of the vehicle.

The RSA SecurID authentication mechanism includes a token (which can beeither hardware (e.g., a key fob) or software (a soft token)) which isassigned to a user and which generates an authentication code at fixedintervals (usually 60 seconds) using a built-in clock and the card'sfactory-encoded random key (known as the “seed”). The seed is differentfor each token, and is loaded into the corresponding RSA SecurID server.The RSA SecurID technology also allows on-demand tokens, which provide atoken code via email or SMS delivery, eliminating the need to provisiona token to the user.

In accordance with one exemplary operational embodiment, a userapproaches a vehicle with their smartphone and upon being withincommunication distance of the vehicle, the smartphone passes useridentification information to the vehicle. The vehicle, recognizing thisuser identification information, using the multi-factor authenticationsystem 804 and communications subsystem 350, requests one or moreadditional pieces of information to complete a multi-factor authenticateprocess. Next, for example, the smartphone can receive from the vehiclea request for the user to have their fingerprint scanned on theirsmartphone. Upon receiving this request, the user scans theirfingerprint on the smartphone, with this biometric informationcommunicatable, via the communication subsystem 350, to the vehicle suchthat the multi-factor authentication system 804, in cooperation with thepassenger information module 816, can read the fingerprint and determinewhether the fingerprint is sufficient enough for the multi-factorauthentication system 804 to unlock or otherwise provide access to thevehicle. Assuming that the multi-factor authentication system 804determines that the fingerprint matches a fingerprint stored in thepassenger information module 816, the vehicle can optionally requestfurther authentication information, such as a rolling RSA securitylicense/code as discussed.

For example, the user can be equipped with a FOB, with this FOB havingRSA security license information in the form of an alpha-numericcharacter string, that is “rolled” or updated at some predeterminedinterval. The vehicle could ask for this RSA rolling code to be entered,via one or more of, the users smartphone, a keypad on the vehicle,verbally spoken to the vehicle, or in general in any manner in which theinformation can get communicated to the vehicle. In accordance with oneexemplary embodiment, this rolling RSA security license could be encodedin a barcode, QR code, or the like that could be presented to a sensorof the vehicle so that the rolling RSA security license code can be readby the vehicle for another factor in the multi-factor authenticationprocess. As will be appreciated, this process can continue for anynumber of iterations, with the number of iterations proportionallyincreasing the accuracy of authentication, while being inverselyproportional to the user experience.

If for any reason any of the various multi-factor authentications fail,the vehicle can remain in a locked-down state, and otherwise be securedas discussed herein. Otherwise, assuming all authentications areapproved/verified, one or more of the vehicle systems can be turned onor enabled in conjunction with the BIOS controller 808. As discussed,the BIOS controller 808 can manage, at a low-level, one or more of thevehicle operational systems with it generally being understood that thislow-level type of control is more secure than a higher-level control,such as an application level, type of security.

The security license system 812 can verify the integrity of the rollingRSA security license, optionally in cooperation with the communicationsubsystem 350, and either approve or reject the presented code. Approvalof the code allows access to one or more vehicle features as discussed.

The BIOS controller 808, can cooperate with an encryption/decryptionmodule (not shown). The encryption/decryption module can be used in amanner similar to a self-encrypting drive or a full disc encryptiondrive in a computing environment. For example, with one or more of thevehicle's systems or subsystems can be encrypted, with decryption beingexceedingly difficult absent an appropriate decryption key. Withoutdecryption, these vehicle systems could be rendered useless. Thus, thesecurity license system 812, can cooperate with the BIOS controller 808such that another level of security, that being encryption, can be usedto “lock”/“unlock” one or more of the vehicle systems.

One exemplary advantage of the technologies discussed herein is thatmultiple users could be using a vehicle, such as a shared vehicle. Aspassenger and user information can optionally be stored in the vehicle,the security of this information is important. This information caninclude user preferences, passenger preferences, vehicle settingpreferences, and the like, as discussed herein, which from a userexperience standpoint would be beneficial to have available for the userof vehicle.

For example, a user can have in their profile preferences regardingmirror position, temperature, seating positions, stored favoritedestinations, contact information, infotainment information, credit cardor other payment information, and in general any information relating tothe usage of that particular vehicle associated with that vehicle. If auser has previously used a vehicle, the availability of that informationcan improve user experience and reduce the amount of time it takes for auser's profile to be downloaded and updated on the vehicle. However,having this personal information on the vehicle creates securityconcerns. In addition to the multi-factor authentication usable toaccess the vehicle, which can also be used to unlock one or moreportions of the user data stored in the passenger information module816, one or more additional factors of authentication can optionally beused before the user is granted access to the profile information storedin the passenger information module. As with the prior techniquesdiscussed herein, communications can occur between the vehicle and theuser, such as the user's smartphone, and/or via interface on thevehicle, to request additional information from the user to ensure theyare authorized to access one or more portions of passenger informationin the passenger information module 816. As with the other systemsdiscussed herein, this passenger information can be encrypted, and onlyupon presentation of the appropriate decryption key, the user providedaccess to this information. In accordance with one exemplary embodiment,multi-factor authentication is also required to access information inthe passenger information module 816. Here, the multi-factorauthentication system 804 requests the user for a fingerprint, and averbal password, which are then checked, and if correct, the passengerinformation module 816 is unlocked. It is to be appreciated that anytype of information can be used for access to the one or more portionsof user data such as the rolling RSA security license, passwordinformation, and/or information or codes presented via a “key” such ascredit card having embedded therein a smart chip with one or more accesscodes or information.

If the multi-factor authentication system 804 requires biometricinformation as part of the multi-factor authentication, the biometricmodule 820 can be used to determine whether the presented biometricinformation matches that of an authorized user. For example, thebiometric module 820 can store information regarding biometric matchesfor authorized users and/or communicate with a cloud that storesinformation regarding which users have been authenticated for use of thevehicle. As will be appreciated, this authentication information canoptionally include an identification of what time period(s) the user isauthenticated for, e.g., time and place authentication. As one example,a user (Person Y) may be authenticated for use of the vehicle on the17th of January, and again from 8 am to 12 pm on the 19th of January.This information can be communicated from the cloud, via thecommunication subsystem 350, to the vehicle such that the vehicle hasthe necessary information (information about Person Y (e.g., biometrics)and reservation information) usable for allowing user access.

Once the various authentications have been performed and confirmed,operation of the vehicle can commence in the traditional manner with theuser being provided access to one or more or all of the vehicle systems.

Upon leaving the vehicle, the appropriate securing of the vehicle canoptionally occur. In accordance with one exemplary aspect, a userrequests the vehicle to be locked. This can be accomplished in a manual,semiautomatic, or automatic manner. For example, one or more of thevehicle sensors can detect that the user is no longer proximate to or inthe vehicle. This detection can be a trigger to lock the vehicle. Theuser could also request the vehicle be locked. The user could also, viaan app on their smartphone, request the vehicle be locked. In general,an methodology requesting securing of the vehicle can be used with thetechnology discussed herein.

Upon receiving a request to lock or secure the vehicle, the BIOScontroller 808 can commence a low-level security lock-down operationoptionally utilizing encryption. For example, and as discussed, uponreceipt of a locking request, the vehicle, and more particularly, thesecurity license system 812 and BIOS controller 808, can commencelocking or securing of the vehicle optionally with encryption. Inaccordance with one exemplary aspect, one or more portions of thevehicle systems and/or subsystems and/or information stored within thepassenger information module 816, can be encrypted, with the decryptionkey provided to the user. In accordance with one embodiment, the user isprovided this decryption key via wired or wireless communication meansto their smartphone, card with a smart chip, and/or in general to anymechanism (s) communications device, or the like, it is capable ofstoring the decryption key. Optionally, the BIOS controller 808 can alsolockdown at a low-level one or more of the vehicle systems and/orsubsystems discussed herein.

This information regarding the locking down of the vehicle canoptionally be provided to the user, via for example, their smartphone,to indicate which one or more of the systems have been locked downand/or encrypted and status information regarding the state of thevehicle being updatable and providable to the user at any point or atpredetermined intervals. For example, the user could requestconfirmation of the lock down procedure with any change in this statuscommunicatable to the user, via, for example, an app on theirsmartphone.

In accordance with another optional embodiment, the security licensesystem 812, can cooperate with one or more of the backup key module 832and key reader 836 to perform authentication. For example, an unlockingrequest can be received for a vehicle as discussed. Next, one or morecodes and/or security licenses can be received from the user, that arevalidatable by the security license system A12. As discussed, thesecodes and/or security licenses can be rolling RSA security licenses,passwords or passphrases, or in general any type of information usableto secure the vehicle. If authenticated by the security license system812, access to one or more of the vehicle systems and/or passengerinformation can be provided. If however, the user is scheduled orindicated as being an authorized user of the vehicle, but for somereason they are unable to authenticate using one or more of thetechniques disclosed herein, the backup key module 832 can be used toallow user access to the vehicle. In accordance with one exemplaryaspect, the backup key module 832, cooperating with a key reader 836,can receive information from one or more of a smartphone, a “creditcard” with an embedded smart chip, from a physical key with an embeddedcircuit, audibly, (e.g., a “key”) or in some other manner acode/information that can be used to override the system. As oneexample, the code can be similar to a boot key or other string ofcharacters or information that can be used to verify the authenticity ofthe “key” and optionally the user. As with the other embodiments, thisverification can be coupled to one or more other authenticationtechniques for multi-factor authentication. This key can optionally be along and complex alphanumeric string, can include encrypted information,and/or can in general be any information usable to authenticate thebackup key upon to the backup key module 832 confirming that thepresented information matches stored authentication information for thevehicle. Upon confirmation of the authenticity, the user can bepresented access to the vehicle and/or one or more of the vehiclesystems and/or subsystems.

Another optional is that a trusted platform module (TPM) can be used toauthenticate the “key.” For example, a TPM is a secure cryptoprocessorembedded in, for example, a motherboard of one or more of the vehiclesystems that can be used to authenticate a hardware device such as thosedescribed above. Since each TPM chip is unique to a particular device,the TPM is capable of performing platform authentication. It can be usedto verify that the system seeking the access is the expected system toaccess the vehicle.

The disk encryption solutions in the vehicle can include this supportfor TPM. These implementations can wrap the decryption key using theTPM, thus tying the storage device(s) to a particular device and/orsystem/subsystem. If the storage is removed from that particular vehiclesystem and placed in another vehicle for example, the decryption processwill fail. The subsequent recovery is only possible with the decryptionpassword or token. Even though this technology has the advantage thatthe storage cannot be removed from the vehicle system, the technologymight create a single point of failure in the encryption. For example,if something happens to the TPM or the motherboard, a user would not beable to access the data by connecting the storage to another computer,unless that user has a separate recovery key(s).

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment user information is notstored in the vehicle until user authentication has been performed. Inaccordance with this exemplary feature, upon a user being authenticatedto the vehicle, the vehicle enables one or more of its systems and/orsubsystems, and, via the communication system 350, communicates with thecloud to download a user profile and/or user preference information. Inaccordance with this exemplary embodiment, which can be used to improveuser experience, and in general improve integration of the user with thevehicle, this user information can be downloaded from a cloud and/oranother location, such as from the user, such as from the user'ssmartphone. This information is then usable as discussed herein tocontrol one or more aspects of the vehicle.

In accordance with another optional embodiment, optionally inconjunction with a user's smartphone, time and place informationoptionally in conjunction with the multi-factor authentication, can beused to vet a user regarding their authorization to access the vehicle.As discussed, the multi-factor authentication can include any of theinformation as discussed herein as well as information such as whetherthe user has reserved a vehicle at a particular time and place. Forexample, assume the user has reserved the vehicle from 10 am to 4 pm onJanuary 1^(st) with the user picking up the vehicle at 4^(th) andBroadway. This reservation can be communicated to the vehicle, and thevehicle with the vehicle from 9:55 am until 4:05 pm monitoring for thepresence of the user with the reservation.

As the vehicle expects the user to present their credentials for usageof the vehicle during this time period, when the user presents theircredentials during this authorized time period, the vehicle sensors canphysically detect the user's proximity to the vehicle, via, for example,reading an identifier from their smartphone, which can then be used as afirst factor for authentication. This can optionally be coupled withlocation information. For example, if the user is reserved to pick upthe car on the corner of 4th and Broadway, and the vehicle is present atthat location at the same time as the user, this can be coupled with theuser information from the smartphone as 2 factors of authentication,with the reservation optionally being a third factor of authentication.

FIG. 9 outlines an exemplary method for multi-factor authentication. Inparticular, control begins in step S900 and continues to step S904. Instep S904, a multi-factor authentication request is received by a user.As discussed, this request can be received on, for example, the user'ssmartphone, by the vehicle “speaking” or otherwise communicating to theuser, and/or presenting a request for the multi-factor authentication ona user interface on the vehicle, or in general using any knownmethodology, technique, or technology. Next, in step S908, the firstauthentication factor is identified, read, recognized, or otherwisecommunicated to the vehicle. Optionally, in step S912, a second, ormore, authentication factors can be requested by the vehicle. Once theseone or more authentications are presented to the vehicle, adetermination is made in step S916 as to whether the appropriate numberof authentications have been presented. If the required number ofauthentications have not been presented, control jumps back to step S904with the vehicle remaining in a locked-down state. Next, in step S920, adetermination is made as to whether the presented authentication factorhad been validated. If the presented authentication factors arevalidated, control continues to step S924 with control otherwise jumpingback to step S904 and the vehicle maintaining a locked-down state.

In step S924, one or more of the vehicles systems are turned on. Next,in step S928, the user can be provided optional access to one or moreportions of user data stored in the vehicle. Alternatively, or inaddition, user data can be downloaded from another destination, such asthe cloud or a distributed network device(s), to the user for use withthe vehicle. Next, in step S932, operation of the vehicle can commenceand in step S936 access to one or more of the vehicle systems provided.Control continues to step S940 where the control sequence ends.

FIG. 10 outlines an exemplary method for locking a vehicle. Inparticular, control begins in step S1000 and continues to step S1004. Instep S1004, a request for locking of the vehicle is detected. Next, instep S1008, an optional low-level security protocol can be initiated,further optionally in conjunction with encryption. As discussed, thislow-level security can be a BIOS, or equivalent, low-level type ofsecurity in the vehicle. This low-level type of security is usually thefirst system to be activated once the computerized systems in thevehicle are turned on, and is a precursor to any higher-levelapplications and/or security that may be run. Generally, these BIOS orlow-level security features can be much more robust than higher-levelsecurity features.

Optionally further, and as discussed, one or more of the vehicle systemscan also be encrypted in conjunction with this locking. With theencryption key being provided to the user, for use with subsequentdecryption. In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, the encryptionkey information can be forwarded to a cloud. Thus, when a new user isauthorized to use the vehicle, this decryption information can becommunicated, for example wirelessly, to the new user, such that a newuser can use this information to decrypt or unlock the vehicle. In thismanner, the cloud could maintain information regarding who is anauthorized user, and provide the authorized user the necessaryinformation, such as a decryption key, which could be usable as one ofthe multi-factors of authentication. With the vehicle “locked down” instep S1012, access to one or more of the vehicle systems and/or data orinformation stored therein is restricted. Control then continues to stepS1016.

In step S1016, a “key” can optionally be provided to the user. Asdiscussed, this key can be provided to, for example, a user'ssmartphone, a credit card-like device with a smart chip, or in generalto any device. Next, in step S1020, information regarding the one ormore vehicle systems that have been secured, and/or the status of thevehicle, can be maintained and optionally communicated to the user, suchas via their smartphone, this information being updatable atpredetermined and/or regular intervals. In step S1024, multi-factorauthentication could be required for unlocking of the vehicle once ithas performed its lock-down procedure. Control then continues to stepS1028 where the control sequence ends.

FIG. 11 outlines an exemplary method for utilizing one or more of codesand/or security licenses to obtain access to a vehicle. In particular,control begins in step S1100 and continues to step S1104. In step S1104,the request for vehicle unlocking is detected. Next, in step S1108, andoptionally in response to a query from the vehicle, one or more codesand/or security licenses are presented for authentication. As discussed,these codes and/or licenses could be rolling RSA security codes,licenses, and in general can be any type of information usable forauthentication. Next, in step S1112, a determination is made whether theone or more codes and/or security licenses are authenticatable. Ifauthenticatable, control continues to step S1116 with control otherwisejumping back to step S1104.

In step S1116, one or more vehicle systems are turned on. Next, in stepS1120, access to one or more portions of user data stored in the vehicleand/or commencing of user data being downloaded can also optionallycommence. This downloading of data can use, for example, one or more ofthe received codes and/or security licenses that were presented in stepS1108 for authentication to access the user data. Next, in Step s1124,operation of the vehicle is enabled and, in step S1128, access to one ormore vehicle systems turned on. In accordance with one optionalembodiment, the presented codes and/or security licenses can containinformation as to which one or more vehicle systems and/or informationstored thereon the user can utilize. For example, the usage license canhave varying degrees of usage, such as a silver-level user, a gold-levelusage, and a platinum-level usage. Based on this information, one ormore of the various vehicle systems can be enabled and/or disabled. Forexample, a platinum-level user would have access to all vehicle systems.A gold-level user, may have access to only a portion of the vehiclesystems and/or functionality. A silver-level user, may only have accessto basic vehicle functionality, not including, for example, vehicleinfotainment, climate control, or the like. These various systems canthen be turned on/off based on the user's usage license with the useroptionally having the ability to upgrade their license via, for example,payment of a fee, to unlock more vehicle functions. Control thencontinues to step S1132 where the control sequence ends.

As discussed herein, one factor of authentication can be location andtime based authentication. Location-based authentication is a specialprocedure to prove a user's identity and authenticity on appearancesimply by detecting the user's presence at a distinct location. Toenable location-based authentication, a special combination of factorsis required. Firsthand, the user that applies for being identified andauthenticated has to present a sign of identity. Secondly, the usercarries at least one human authentication factor that may be recognizedby the vehicle. Thirdly, the distinct location must be equipped with aresident means that is capable to determine the coincidence ofindividual at this distinct location, such as the vehicle'snavigation/GPS system.

Time-based authentication is a special procedure to prove a user'sidentity and authenticity on appearance simply by detecting the user'spresence at a scheduled time of day or within a scheduled timeinterval/window, optionally further at a distinct location. To enabletime-based authentication, a special combination of factors is required.Firsthand, the user who applies for being identified and authenticatedhas to present a sign of identity. Secondly, the user has to carry atleast one human authentication factor that may be recognized on thedistinct time and optionally in a certain location. Thirdly, the vehiclemust be equipped with a resident means that is capable to determine thedistinct time (such as via one or more of the onboard systems such asGPS) and compare it with when the user is expected or authorized. Acombination of location based authentication and time basedauthentication bad also be used that require mates for both location andtime to occur before access/authorization is granted.

Any of the steps, functions, and operations discussed herein can beperformed continuously and automatically.

The exemplary systems and methods of this disclosure have been describedin relation to vehicle systems and electric vehicles. However, to avoidunnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure, the precedingdescription omits a number of known structures and devices. Thisomission is not to be construed as a limitation of the scope of theclaimed disclosure. Specific details are set forth to provide anunderstanding of the present disclosure. It should, however, beappreciated that the present disclosure may be practiced in a variety ofways beyond the specific detail set forth herein.

Furthermore, while the exemplary embodiments illustrated herein show thevarious components of the system collocated, certain components of thesystem can be located remotely, at distant portions of a distributednetwork, such as a LAN and/or the Internet, or within a dedicatedsystem. Thus, it should be appreciated, that the components of thesystem can be combined into one or more devices, such as a server,communication device, or collocated on a particular node of adistributed network, such as an analog and/or digital telecommunicationsnetwork, a packet-switched network, or a circuit-switched network. Itwill be appreciated from the preceding description, and for reasons ofcomputational efficiency, that the components of the system can bearranged at any location within a distributed network of componentswithout affecting the operation of the system.

Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the various links connectingthe elements can be wired or wireless links, or any combination thereof,or any other known or later developed element(s) that is capable ofsupplying and/or communicating data to and from the connected elements.These wired or wireless links can also be secure links and may becapable of communicating encrypted information. Transmission media usedas links, for example, can be any suitable carrier for electricalsignals, including coaxial cables, copper wire, and fiber optics, andmay take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generatedduring radio-wave and infra-red data communications.

While the flowcharts have been discussed and illustrated in relation toa particular sequence of events, it should be appreciated that changes,additions, and omissions to this sequence can occur without materiallyaffecting the operation of the disclosed embodiments, configuration, andaspects.

A number of variations and modifications of the disclosure can be used.It would be possible to provide for some features of the disclosurewithout providing others.

In yet another embodiment, the systems and methods of this disclosurecan be implemented in conjunction with a special purpose computer, aprogrammed microprocessor or microcontroller and peripheral integratedcircuit element(s), an ASIC or other integrated circuit, a digitalsignal processor, a hard-wired electronic or logic circuit such asdiscrete element circuit, a programmable logic device or gate array suchas PLD, PLA, FPGA, PAL, special purpose computer, any comparable means,or the like. In general, any device(s) or means capable of implementingthe methodology illustrated herein can be used to implement the variousaspects of this disclosure. Exemplary hardware that can be used for thepresent disclosure includes computers, handheld devices, telephones(e.g., cellular, Internet enabled, digital, analog, hybrids, andothers), and other hardware known in the art. Some of these devicesinclude processors (e.g., a single or multiple microprocessors), memory,nonvolatile storage, input devices, and output devices. Furthermore,alternative software implementations including, but not limited to,distributed processing or component/object distributed processing,parallel processing, or virtual machine processing can also beconstructed to implement the methods described herein.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosed methods may be readilyimplemented in conjunction with software using object or object-orientedsoftware development environments that provide portable source code thatcan be used on a variety of computer or workstation platforms.Alternatively, the disclosed system may be implemented partially orfully in hardware using standard logic circuits or VLSI design. Whethersoftware or hardware is used to implement the systems in accordance withthis disclosure is dependent on the speed and/or efficiency requirementsof the system, the particular function, and the particular software orhardware systems or microprocessor or microcomputer systems beingutilized.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosed methods may be partiallyimplemented in software that can be stored on a storage medium, executedon programmed general-purpose computer with the cooperation of acontroller and memory, a special purpose computer, a microprocessor, orthe like. In these instances, the systems and methods of this disclosurecan be implemented as a program embedded on a personal computer such asan applet, JAVA® or CGI script, as a resource residing on a server orcomputer workstation, as a routine embedded in a dedicated measurementsystem, system component, or the like. The system can also beimplemented by physically incorporating the system and/or method into asoftware and/or hardware system.

Although the present disclosure describes components and functionsimplemented in the embodiments with reference to particular standardsand protocols, the disclosure is not limited to such standards andprotocols. Other similar standards and protocols not mentioned hereinare in existence and are considered to be included in the presentdisclosure. Moreover, the standards and protocols mentioned herein andother similar standards and protocols not mentioned herein areperiodically superseded by faster or more effective equivalents havingessentially the same functions. Such replacement standards and protocolshaving the same functions are considered equivalents included in thepresent disclosure.

The present disclosure, in various embodiments, configurations, andaspects, includes components, methods, processes, systems and/orapparatus substantially as depicted and described herein, includingvarious embodiments, subcombinations, and subsets thereof. Those ofskill in the art will understand how to make and use the systems andmethods disclosed herein after understanding the present disclosure. Thepresent disclosure, in various embodiments, configurations, and aspects,includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items notdepicted and/or described herein or in various embodiments,configurations, or aspects hereof, including in the absence of suchitems as may have been used in previous devices or processes, e.g., forimproving performance, achieving ease, and/or reducing cost ofimplementation.

The foregoing discussion of the disclosure has been presented forpurposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intendedto limit the disclosure to the form or forms disclosed herein. In theforegoing Detailed Description for example, various features of thedisclosure are grouped together in one or more embodiments,configurations, or aspects for the purpose of streamlining thedisclosure. The features of the embodiments, configurations, or aspectsof the disclosure may be combined in alternate embodiments,configurations, or aspects other than those discussed above. This methodof disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention thatthe claimed disclosure requires more features than are expressly recitedin each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventiveaspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosedembodiment, configuration, or aspect. Thus, the following claims arehereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claimstanding on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of thedisclosure.

Moreover, though the description of the disclosure has includeddescription of one or more embodiments, configurations, or aspects andcertain variations and modifications, other variations, combinations,and modifications are within the scope of the disclosure, e.g., as maybe within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, afterunderstanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights,which include alternative embodiments, configurations, or aspects to theextent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalentstructures, functions, ranges, or steps to those claimed, whether or notsuch alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions,ranges, or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publiclydedicate any patentable subject matter.

Exemplary aspects are directed toward:

A vehicle, comprising:

a communications system configured to receive a plurality of factors forauthentication in response to a request for authentication;

a multi-factor authentication system in communication with thecommunication system to determine whether access to the vehicle shouldbe provided based on the received plurality of factors;

a low-level controller that allows access to one or more vehicle systemsupon authentication confirmation from the multi-factor authenticationsystem; and

the multi-factor authentication system further allowing access to userprofile information associated with the vehicle based on theauthentication.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the plurality of factorsinclude one or more of user identity information, biometric information,license information, rolling code information, password information,time information, location information, reservation information, securecode information, a decryption key and/or an authorization code.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the communications systemreceives the plurality of factors for authentication one or more ofwirelessly, through direct electrical contact, via a user interface,from a smartphone, from an electronic device, audibly, and/or from areader.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the vehicle is a sharedvehicle and one of the plurality of factors for authentication is areservation for the vehicle at a date and a time.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the authenticationprovides access to only some of the vehicle systems.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein a license associated withthe authentication specifies which vehicle systems a user can access.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein after authentication thevehicle is subsequently locked and one or more of the one or morevehicle systems are encrypted.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the vehicle communicates adecryption key to a user device and/or a cloud.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein authentication triggersdownloading by the vehicle of user's information from a remote location.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the request forauthentication is triggered by a vehicle sensor detecting a presence ofa user.A method to operate a vehicle comprising:

receiving a plurality of factors for authentication in response to acommunicated request for authentication;

determining whether access to the vehicle should be provided based onthe received plurality of factors;

allows access, using a low-level controller, to one or more vehiclesystems upon authentication confirmation from the multi-factorauthentication system; and

allowing access to user profile information associated with the vehiclebased on the authentication.

Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the plurality of factorsinclude one or more of user identity information, biometric information,license information, rolling code information, password information,time information, location information, reservation information, securecode information, a decryption key and/or an authorization code.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein a communications systemreceives the plurality of factors for authentication one or more ofwirelessly, through direct electrical contact, via a user interface,from a smartphone, from an electronic device, audibly, and/or from areader.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the vehicle is a sharedvehicle and one of the plurality of factors for authentication is areservation for the vehicle at a date and a time.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the authenticationprovides access to only some of the vehicle systems.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein a license associated withthe authentication specifies which vehicle systems a user can access.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein after authentication thevehicle is subsequently locked and one or more of the one or morevehicle systems are encrypted.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the vehicle communicates adecryption key to a user device and/or a distributed network.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein authentication triggersdownloading by the vehicle of user's information from a remote location.Any one or more of the above aspects, wherein the request forauthentication is triggered by a vehicle sensor detecting a presence ofa user.A vehicle comprising:

means for receiving a plurality of factors for authentication inresponse to a communicated request for authentication;

means for determining whether access to the vehicle should be providedbased on the received plurality of factors;

means for allows access, using a low-level controller, to one or morevehicle systems upon authentication confirmation from the multi-factorauthentication system; and

means for allowing access to user profile information associated withthe vehicle based on the authentication.

Any one or more of the aspects/embodiments as substantially disclosedherein.

Any one or more of the aspects/embodiments as substantially disclosedherein optionally in combination with any one or more otheraspects/embodiments as substantially disclosed herein.

One or means adapted to perform any one or more of the aboveaspects/embodiments as substantially disclosed herein.

The phrases “at least one,” “one or more,” “or,” and “and/or” areopen-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive inoperation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, Band C,” “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” “oneor more of A, B, or C,” “A, B, and/or C,” and “A, B, or C” means Aalone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and Ctogether, or A, B and C together.

The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity. Assuch, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” can beused interchangeably herein. It is also to be noted that the terms“comprising,” “including,” and “having” can be used interchangeably.

The term “automatic” and variations thereof, as used herein, refers toany process or operation, which is typically continuous orsemi-continuous, done without material human input when the process oroperation is performed. However, a process or operation can beautomatic, even though performance of the process or operation usesmaterial or immaterial human input, if the input is received beforeperformance of the process or operation. Human input is deemed to bematerial if such input influences how the process or operation will beperformed. Human input that consents to the performance of the processor operation is not deemed to be “material.”

Aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of an embodimentthat is entirely hardware, an embodiment that is entirely software(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module,” or “system.”Any combination of one or more computer-readable medium(s) may beutilized. The computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signalmedium or a computer-readable storage medium.

A computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limitedto, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, orsemiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combinationof the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of thecomputer-readable storage medium would include the following: anelectrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computerdiskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory(ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flashmemory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory(CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or anysuitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document,a computer-readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that cancontain or store a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer-readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer-readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer-readable signal medium may be any computer-readable medium thatis not a computer-readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device. Program codeembodied on a computer-readable medium may be transmitted using anyappropriate medium, including, but not limited to, wireless, wireline,optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of theforegoing.

The terms “determine,” “calculate,” “compute,” and variations thereof,as used herein, are used interchangeably and include any type ofmethodology, process, mathematical operation or technique.

The term “electric vehicle” (EV), also referred to herein as an electricdrive vehicle, may use one or more electric motors or traction motorsfor propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collectorsystem by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-containedwith a battery or generator to convert fuel to electricity. An electricvehicle generally includes a rechargeable electricity storage system(RESS) (also called Full Electric Vehicles (FEV)). Power storage methodsmay include: chemical energy stored on the vehicle in on-board batteries(e.g., battery electric vehicle or BEV), on board kinetic energy storage(e.g., flywheels), and/or static energy (e.g., by on-board double-layercapacitors). Batteries, electric double-layer capacitors, and flywheelenergy storage may be forms of rechargeable on-board electrical storage.

The term “hybrid electric vehicle” refers to a vehicle that may combinea conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) powertrain with some formof electric propulsion. Most hybrid electric vehicles combine aconventional internal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system with anelectric propulsion system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). In parallelhybrids, the ICE and the electric motor are both connected to themechanical transmission and can simultaneously transmit power to drivethe wheels, usually through a conventional transmission. In serieshybrids, only the electric motor drives the drivetrain, and a smallerICE works as a generator to power the electric motor or to recharge thebatteries. Power-split hybrids combine series and parallelcharacteristics. A full hybrid, sometimes also called a strong hybrid,is a vehicle that can run on just the engine, just the batteries, or acombination of both. A mid hybrid is a vehicle that cannot be drivensolely on its electric motor, because the electric motor does not haveenough power to propel the vehicle on its own.

The term “rechargeable electric vehicle” or “REV” refers to a vehiclewith on board rechargeable energy storage, including electric vehiclesand hybrid electric vehicles.

1-22. (canceled)
 23. A vehicle security system, comprising: a securitylicense system to lock one or more vehicle systems using encryption; oneor more sensors to detect that an authorized user of the vehicle is nolonger proximate to the vehicle; a communications system to provide, inresponse to the one or more sensors detecting that the authorized userof the vehicle is no longer proximate to the vehicle, a decryption keyto a communication device associated with the authorized user, whereinthe decryption key is configured to decrypt the encryption used forlocking the one or more vehicle systems; the communications systemfurther configured to receive a plurality of factors for authenticationin response to a request for authentication, wherein the plurality offactors includes the decryption key; a multi-factor authenticationsystem in communication with the communication system to determinewhether access to the vehicle should be provided based on the receivedplurality of factors; a low-level controller that allows access to theone or more vehicle systems upon authentication confirmation from themulti-factor authentication system; and the multi-factor authenticationsystem further allowing access to user profile information associatedwith the authorized user of the vehicle based on the authentication andonly when the decryption key is received by the communications system.24. The vehicle security system of claim 23, wherein the low-levelcontroller operates at a Basic Input-Output System (“BIOS”) level,wherein the low-level controller encrypts a component to prevent use ofthe component by an unauthenticated user, wherein the component is oneor more of the vehicle's navigation, communication, control, and/orsensor, wherein the decryption key must be provided by the first user todecrypt and enable the component, and wherein the plurality of factorsincludes one or more of user identity information, biometricinformation, license information, rolling code information, passwordinformation, time information, location information, reservationinformation, secure code information, and/or an authorization code. 25.The vehicle security system of claim 23, wherein the vehicle operates ina high or full automation level, wherein when operating in the highautomation level a human driver is separated from controlling allvehicle operations, wherein when operating in the full automation levelthe vehicle controls all driving operations, wherein, in the high orfull automation levels, the vehicle receives sensor informationdescribing a condition of a target in an environment surrounding thevehicle, and autonomously changes to a driving operation of the vehiclein response to the sensor information, wherein the low-level controlleroperates at a Basic Input-Output System (“BIOS”) level, wherein thecommunications system receives the plurality of factors forauthentication one or more of wirelessly, through direct electricalcontact, via a user interface, from a smartphone, from an electronicdevice, audibly, and/or from a reader, and wherein the low-levelcontroller authenticates the user using one or more of a rolling RSAsecurity license, biometric information, public key/private keyencryption technique, and an encryption technique.
 26. The vehiclesecurity system of claim 23, wherein the vehicle is a shared vehicle,the vehicle being shared by at least the user and a second user, and oneof the plurality of factors for authentication is a reservation for thevehicle at a date and a time, wherein the low-level controller encryptsa component to prevent use of the component by an unauthenticated user,wherein the component is one or more of the vehicle's navigation,communication, control, and/or sensor, wherein the decryption key mustbe provided by an authenticated user to decrypt and enable thecomponent, wherein the user, but not the second user, is provided withthe decryption key at a first time and the second user, but not theuser, is provided with the decryption key at a different second time,and wherein the decryption key is provided wirelessly to smartphones ofthe user and the second user.
 27. The vehicle security system of claim23, wherein the authentication provides access to only some of thevehicle systems, wherein the vehicle is a shared vehicle, the vehiclebeing shared by at least the user and a second user, and one of theplurality of factors for authentication is a reservation for the vehicleat a date and a time, wherein different first and second tokens areprovided to the user and the second user, respectively at differenttimes, wherein the tokens are generated by an RSA SecurID authenticationmechanism, and wherein the low-level controller determines that thefirst token, but not the second token, is valid at a first time and thatthe second token, but not the first token, is valid at a differentsecond time.
 28. The vehicle security system of claim 23, wherein alicense associated with the authentication specifies which vehiclesystems a particular user can access, wherein a trusted platform moduleauthenticates a key received from the user, wherein the trusted platformmodule is embedded in a motherboard of an on board vehicle system, andwherein the key is a hardware key.
 29. The vehicle security system ofclaim 23, wherein after authentication the vehicle is subsequentlylocked and one or more of the one or more vehicle systems are encrypted,wherein a trusted platform module authenticates a key received from theuser, wherein the trusted platform module is embedded in a motherboardof an on board vehicle system, wherein the key is the decryption key,and wherein the decryption is wrapped using the trusted platform module,thereby binding a storage device comprising encrypted information thatis decrypted by the decryption key to a device comprising themotherboard.
 30. The vehicle security system of claim 23, wherein thelow-level controller operates at a Basic Input-Output System (“BIOS”)level, wherein the low-level controller encrypts a component to preventuse of the component by an unauthenticated user, wherein the componentis one or more of the vehicle's navigation, communication, control,and/or sensor, and wherein the vehicle communicates the decryption keyto decrypt the encrypted component to a computational component in acloud.
 31. The vehicle security system of claim 23, wherein successfulauthentication of the user triggers downloading by the vehicle of theuser's information from a remote location.
 32. The vehicle securitysystem of claim 23, wherein the user has reserved the vehicle over aspecified time period and/or for pickup at a specific location, whereinthe request for authentication is triggered by a vehicle sensordetecting a presence of the user, and wherein the low-level controllerconsiders the time and/or location of the user's presence in determiningwhether to authenticate successfully the user.
 33. A method to operate avehicle security system comprising: determining, via one or moresensors, that an authorized user of a vehicle is no longer proximate tothe vehicle; communicating, in response to the one or more sensorsdetermining that the authorized user of the vehicle is no longerproximate to the vehicle, a decryption key to a communication deviceassociated with the authorized user, wherein the decryption key isconfigured to decrypt an encryption used for locking one or more vehiclesystems; receiving, by a low-level controller, a plurality of factorsfor authentication in response to a communicated request forauthentication, wherein the plurality of factors includes the decryptionkey; determining, by the low-level controller, whether access to thevehicle should be provided based on the received plurality of factors;allowing access, using a low-level controller, to the one or morevehicle systems upon authentication confirmation from the multi-factorauthentication system; and allowing, by the low-level controller, accessto user profile information associated with the authorized user of thevehicle based on the authentication and only when the decryption key isreceived by the communications system.
 34. The method of claim 33,wherein the low-level controller operates at a Basic Input-Output System(“BIOS”) level, wherein the low-level controller encrypts a component toprevent use of the component by an unauthenticated user, wherein thecomponent is one or more of the vehicle's navigation, communication,control, and/or sensor, wherein the decryption key must be provided bythe user to decrypt and enable the component, and wherein the pluralityof factors include one or more of user identity information, biometricinformation, license information, rolling code information, passwordinformation, time information, location information, reservationinformation, secure code information, and/or an authorization code. 35.The method of claim 33, wherein the vehicle operates in a high or fullautomation level, wherein when operating in the high automation level ahuman driver is separated from controlling all vehicle operations,wherein when operating in the full automation level the vehicle controlsall driving operations, wherein, in the high or full automation levels,the vehicle receives sensor information describing a condition of atarget in an environment surrounding the vehicle, and autonomouslychanges to a driving operation of the vehicle in response to the sensorinformation, wherein the low-level controller operates at a BasicInput-Output System (“BIOS”) level, wherein a communications systemreceives the plurality of factors for authentication one or more ofwirelessly, through direct electrical contact, via a user interface,from a smartphone, from an electronic device, audibly, and/or from areader, and wherein the low-level controller authenticates the firstuser using one or more of a rolling RSA security license, biometricinformation, public key/private key encryption technique, and anencryption technique.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the vehicle isa shared vehicle, the vehicle being shared by at least the user and asecond user, and one of the plurality of factors for authentication is areservation for the vehicle at a date and a time, wherein the low-levelcontroller encrypts a component to prevent use of the component by anunauthenticated user, wherein the component is one or more of thevehicle's navigation, communication, control, and/or sensor, wherein thedecryption key must be provided by an authenticated user to decrypt andenable the component, wherein the user, but not the second user, isprovided with the decryption key at a first time and the second user,but not the user, is provided with the decryption key at a differentsecond time, and wherein the decryption key is provided wirelessly tosmartphones of the user and the second user.
 37. The method of claim 33,wherein the authentication provides access to only some of the vehiclesystems, wherein the vehicle is a shared vehicle, the vehicle beingshared by at least the user and a second user, and one of the pluralityof factors for authentication is a reservation for the vehicle at a dateand a time, wherein different first and second tokens are provided tothe user and the second user, respectively at different times, whereinthe tokens are generated by an RSA SecurID authentication mechanism, andwherein the low-level controller determines that the first token, butnot the second token, is valid at a first time and that the secondtoken, but not the first token, is valid at a different second time. 38.The method of claim 33, wherein a license associated with theauthentication specifies which vehicle systems a user can access,wherein a trusted platform module authenticates a key received from theuser, wherein the trusted platform module is embedded in a motherboardof an on board vehicle system, and wherein the key is a hardware key.39. The method of claim 33, wherein after authentication the vehicle issubsequently locked and one or more of the one or more vehicle systemsare encrypted, wherein a trusted platform module authenticates a keyreceived from the user, wherein the trusted platform module is embeddedin a motherboard of an on board vehicle system, wherein the key is thedecryption key, and wherein the decryption is wrapped using the trustedplatform module, thereby binding a storage device comprising encryptedinformation that is decrypted by the decryption key to a devicecomprising the motherboard.
 40. The method of claim 33, wherein thelow-level controller operates at a Basic Input-Output System (“BIOS”)level, wherein the low-level controller encrypts a component to preventuse of the component by an unauthenticated user, wherein the componentis one or more of the vehicle's navigation, communication, control,and/or sensor, and wherein the vehicle communicates the decryption keyto decrypt the encrypted component to a computational component in adistributed network.
 41. The method of claim 33, wherein the user hasreserved the vehicle over a specified time period and/or for pickup at aspecific location, wherein the request for authentication is triggeredby a vehicle sensor detecting a presence of the user, and wherein thelow-level controller considers the time and/or location of the firstuser presence in determining whether to authenticate successfully theuser.
 42. A vehicle, comprising: a sensor system having one or moresensors configured to determine that an authorized user of a vehicle isno longer proximate to the vehicle; a communications system configuredto send a decryption key to a communication device associated with theauthorized user in response to the one or more sensors determining thatthe authorized user of the vehicle is no longer proximate to thevehicle, wherein the decryption key is configured to decrypt anencryption used for locking one or more vehicle systems and receive aplurality of factors for authentication of a user in response to arequest for authentication; a multi-factor authentication system incommunication with the communication system to determine whether accessto the vehicle should be provided to the user based on the receivedplurality of factors wherein the plurality of factors includes thedecryption key; and a low-level controller that allows the user accessto one or more vehicle systems upon authentication confirmation from themulti-factor authentication system, wherein the low-level controlleroperates at a Basic Input-Output System (“BIOS”) level, and wherein thelow-level controller allows access to user profile informationassociated with the authorized user of the vehicle based on theauthentication and only when the decryption key is received by thecommunications system.